Crops and vegetables Essay Example for Free

Crops and vegetables Essay part of Crops in 1995-96 was 15. 03, in 1997-98 was 14. 59, in 1999-00 was 14. 59, in 2001-02 was 13. 75, in 2003-04 was 13. 23, in 2005-06 was 12. 19. Contribution of crops and vegetables is diminish year by year. though production of crops has increased our land has decreased, so our summarise production has decreased and thus section of crops on economy is decreasing. Contribution of Crops and Vegetables in total agriculture in 1995-96 was 58. 53%, in 1997-98 was 57. 58%, in 1999-00 was 57. 04%, in 2001-02 was 57. 32%, in 2003-04 was 57. 32%, in 2005-06 was 55. 99%.From these parting amounts we can easily say that among the total agriculture sector, contribution of crops and vegetables is near and it is more(prenominal) than 5o% in each year. If we can not increase our crops production and so it provide have no contribution on GDP. parentage Contribution of Livestock in 1995-96 was 3. 36, in 1997-98 was 3. 19, in 1999-00 was 3. 02, in 2001-0 2 was 2. 96, in 2003-04 was 2. 91, in 2005-06 was 2. 93. Though many firms are being established day by day livestock is not contributing enough on GDP. Contribution of Livestock in total agriculture in 1995-96 was 13.08%, in 1997-98 was 12. 59%, in 1999-00 was 11. 81%, in 2001-02 was 12. 34%, in 2003-04 was 12. 61%, in 2005-06 was 13. 46%. From these above section amounts we can say that though our livestock production is not increasing. But contribution of livestock on total agriculture is increasing in fresh years. Forestry As we are cutting down more trees to meet our daily need our forestry is gradually decreasing day by day and thus contribution of forestry on GDP is also decreasing. Contribution of Forestry in 1995-96 was 1. 90, in 1997-98 was 1. 89, in 1999-00 was 1.88, in 2001-02 was 1. 88, in 2003-04 was 1. 83, in 2005-06 was 1. 79. Contribution of Forestry in total agriculture in 1995-96 was 7. 52%, in 1997-98 was 7. 46%, in 1999-00 was 7. 35%, in 2001-02 was 7. 84%, in 2003-04 was 7. 93%, in 2005-06 was 8. 22%. As other sub-sector is decreasing more than forestry, contribution of forestry on total agriculture has increased in recent years. Agriculture and forestry Fisheries Contribution of Fisheries in 1995-96 was 5. 36, in 1997-98 was 5. 67, in 1999-00 was 6. 09, in 2001-02 was 5. 40, in 2003-04 was 5. 11, in 2005-06 was 4. 86.We see that contribution of fisheries on GDP was increasing from 1995-96 to 1999-2000, but after that it has been decreasing. Though the contribution of fisheries is not much on GDP of Bangladesh, this sub-sector has become an consequential and major source of agriculture. Contribution of Fisheries in total agriculture sector, in 1995-96 was 20. 87%, in 1997-98 was 22. 38%, in 1999-00 was 23. 81%, in 2001-02 was 22. 51%, in 2003-04 was 22. 14%, in 2005-06 was 22. 32%. Which is more than livestock and forestry. Sector/ Sub sector 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06Crops 15. 03 15. 21 14. 59 14 . 33 14. 59 14. 7 13. 75 13. 43 13. 23 12. 51 12. 19 In ( % ) 58. 53 58. 80 57. 57 56. 68 57. 03 58. 72 57. 31 57. 22 57. 32 56. 14 55. 99 Livestock 3. 36 3. 27 3. 19 3. 12 3. 02 2. 95 2. 96 2. 93 2. 91 2. 95 2. 93 In ( % ) 13. 08 12. 64 12. 58 12. 34 11. 80 11. 78 12. 33 12. 48 12. 60 13. 24 13. 45 Forestry 1. 93 1. 91 1. 89 1. 9 1. 88 1. 87 1. 88 1. 86 1. 83 1. 82 1. 79 In ( % ) 7. 51 7. 38 7. 45 7. 51 7. 34 7. 47 7. 83 7. 92 7. 92 8. 16 8. 22 Fisheries 5. 36 5. 48 5. 67 5. 93 6. 09 5. 51 5. 4 5. 25 5. 11 5 4. 86 In ( % ) 20.87 21. 18 22. 37 23. 45 23. 80 22. 01 22. 50 22. 36 22. 14 22. 44 22. 32 Total 25. 68 25. 87 25. 34 25. 28 25. 58 25. 03 23. 99 23. 47 23. 08 22. 28 21. 77 Contribution of Agriculture in Employment The linkage between the agricultural sector and the economy in general is in terms of employment generation. This is in particular important because agriculture is by far the largest employer of poor people, and therefore has a key role in poverty alleviation. Acco rding to the 1981 census, total employment was round 24 million people (Table 2. 7).Of these, more than 60 per cent were employed in the agricultural sector, representing 14. 5 million people. This figure represents those directly working in agriculture and does not include employment in agricultural-related manufacturing industries. According to the 1991 census, the number of employed in agriculture increased to 16. 3 million. While this figure shows that the look at of agriculture in total employment declined over the 10-year period, agriculture still provided employment for well over half the total workforce (again excluding employment in agriculture related industries).Statistics of the Labor Force Survey (LFS) in 1989 and again in 1991 show a similar pattern, although they indicate a more hearty role for agriculture in employment generation. The main difference between the two surveys is that the LFS includes household-based economic activity, and therefore perhaps provides a better picture of true(a) employment patterns and trends. According to the 1989 LFS, almost three-quarters of the all employment were derived directly from the agricultural sector, with 34 million employed.The 1991 survey showed that agriculture continued to provide a animation for the vast majority of Bangladeshis, although its share dropped slightly in comparison to non-farm employment. According to the last census which is took place in 2002-2003 the labor force working in agriculture is 51. 7% of the total labor force of the country. Women participation in Agriculture In the socio-economic context of Bangladesh, involvement of women in agriculture is very important. It would be easier to control rural-urban migration by engaging women in agricultural activities to a greater extent.Considering women. s involvement in agriculture, the following programmes will be taken up for enhancing their role under the scope of the National Agriculture Policy Agriculture related activities like post harvest operations, seed preservation, nursery business, jute stripping, vegetable cultivation, settle gardening, floriculture, production of horticultural seeds, establishment and management of cottage industries based on locally produced agricultural commodities, etc are very suitable for women.Extensive training programmes will be conducted and capital support will be provided to encourage womens interest and improve their skill in such activities. the women are always a major employment force of agriculture. A large majority of the households in Bangladesh depend upon agriculture and related activities like livestock rearing, fisheries and forestry. In 1992-93, crops accounted for 77. 7% of the total agricultural production, fisheries 7. 8%, livestock 7. 7% and forestry 6. 7%. The agricultural sector accounted for nearly 36% of Gross Domestic Product . in spite of their routine municipal work, women are very actively involved in agricultural production in Bangladesh . Women in rural Bangladesh are in general responsible for most of the agricultural work in the homestead. They traditionally undertake home gardening. Farm activities in the homesteads, ranging from selection of seed to harvesting and storing of crops, are predominantly managed by women. Despite womens important role in agriculture, the traditional social norms and customary laws combined with the purdah system deprive Bangladeshi women of equitable economic opportunities and access to resources.

Child Soldiers and Poverty

Child Soldiers and PovertyChild Soldiers in AfricaWhat accounts for the phenomenon of barbarian spends in Africa?The primary origin contributing to the recruitment of nestling spends in Africa is beggary. While otherwise factors such as fightf ar itself, proliferation of sm tout ensemble arms, lack of learning, displacement all inevitably lead to child soldier recruitment, it is however distress at the root of these circumstances. Therefore this adjudicate shall argue this case by examining how Africa has come to assimilate such high levels of exiguity and by showing the crosstie between other factors and that of poverty. To establish what is meant by the term child soldier it moldiness first be defined and a brief description offered that explains the recruitment practices mappingd. This in turn allows the reader to better comprehend the devastating outcomes when underlying causes such as extreme poverty ar not addressed. Subsequently this essay examines the facto rs that account for the phenomenon of child soldiers in Africa and through and through this examination of causal factors it allow for become apparent that poverty is a recurring theme. Once it has been established that poverty is indeed the major cause of child soldier recruitment attention is then given to what is being d unitary to stop it. Finally consideration must be given to the problems that arise when addressing the issues of disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration of the child soldier back into the community, to avoid a replication of the whole cycle. This focus on stopping child soldier recruitment and difficulties faced subsequently hostilities cease, demonstrate an attempt to eradicate the practice at the causal level and show a commitment to swear outing children who sustain already endured and survived this reprehensible process.A Definition of the Child SoldierAccording to UNICEF A child soldier is defined as any child son or girl under 18 years of be on , who is part of any kind of regular or irregular build up force or armed sort out in any capacity, including, but not limited to cooks, porters, messengers, and anyone accompanying such groups other than family members. It overwhelms girls and boys recruited for sexual purposes and/or forced marriage. The definition, therefore, does not only put forward to a child who is carrying, or has carried weapons (Cape Town Principals, 1997).RecruitmentChildren are commonly taken from their homes, their schools, orphanages and refugee camps for displaced persons, directly to military camps for training. Many children are abducted by force darn military offences are taking place on a childs village. In contrast others actually bid and join the army (both political science and rebel) to receive perceived benefits such as protection, food, opportunities to loot and a sense of power with a gun in their hands.The training commences very shortly after the children are abducted and its main fo cus is to quickly prepare the children to fight a war. Intense psychological pressure is placed on them whereby the links of the children with society are broken and a programming process is commenced to think of war and only war. This in turn is aimed at dehumanising the children and turning them into killing machines. The discipline is extremely stiff and if a child is caught trying to hightail it oft the penalty would be death and to a greater extent than apt(predicate) this would be carried out by another child soldier as a deterrent to others. It is also not uncommon to order these children to kill their own relatives, neighbors and to attack and steal from their own villages. This is a mensural ploy by armed groups to destroy any chance of the child being accepted back into their village (Honwana, 2002).The Primary CauseThe Children inside African countries are generally at a higher risk of poverty, disease, malnutrition, becoming an orphan and have a higher mortality rat e than seen in Hesperian developed nations. In addition sexual and labor exploitation (slave labor and armed conflict) has increased in the last twenty to thirty years. Africa is experiencing this state of personal matters due to the poor state of socio-economic breeding in Africa and the personality of the development policies that have given rise to it. This terrible situation these children find themselves in is generally due to the failure of both state governments and markets. The developed world involve to redefine poverty reduction strategies imperatively to address this situation and this may include more discriminatory aid allocation that includes debt relief, in agreement with the individual governments commitments to reducing poverty.The poverty we refer to above is predominantly of a rural nature as many of Africas poorest live in rural areas and thus depend on subsistence farming to provide food and income. Sub-Saharan Africa has the greater enumerate rural poor who are living in abject poverty and this includes the rural poor people of Eastern and Southern Africa, a region that has one of the worlds highest number of poor people. Rural poverty in many areas of Africa such as the Sub-Saharan region has its roots in the colonial system and the indemnity and institutional restraints that it imposed on poor people.Recent developments that affected the poor in Africa can also be attributed to the tatty war between the east and west. The competition between the two sides resulted in many countries throughout Africa taking sides and either sideline a socialist model of development or a neo liberalism approach. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the fact that many born in recent generations within Africa have been uncovered to the later model, many saw their future based within the context of a free market system. This system while showing encouraging signs initially started to show cracks into the 1990s as it became apparent that an ever widening gap was developing between the south and the north. Many countries now base themselves in more debt from borrowed funds that could not be repaid than they were a decade earlier. In short the policy had basically managed to increase the wealth of developed countries, particularly multinational corporations (MNCs) and the elitists within either African governments / rebel leaders. In contrast the poorest have received little due to a lack adequate social development policy (Baylis Smith, 1999).In recent decades, economic policies and institutional structures have been modified to c fall behind the income gap. Structural adjustments have also dismantled existing rural systems, but have not always built new ones. moreover in many transitional economies, the rural situation is now experiencing continuing stagnation, poor production, low incomes and the boost vulnerability of poor people. The reduced access to markets is a problem for many small businesses in Africa. Th e rural population is poorly structured and is often set(p) in remote locations that make it difficult for any assistance initiatives to reach. As a result more and more government policies and investments where they exist to address poverty reduction will most likely favor urban over rural areas.Given the above situation child labor is likely to arrest increasing in Africa into the futureas the families or perchance just the children are dependant on the income they earn to simply subsist. In addition it has been found that if attempts are made to stop children working, it will only worsen the families or individuals situation unless new forms of income producing activities can be provided as an alternative. While this shift in income producing activities may help alleviate the situations where children are exploited and exposed to hazardous working conditions there still is concern that these children are not receiving an education. As the children are often not attending school they are in effect limiting their future chances of actually improving their situation and are more likely to continue a cycle of poverty through to the next generation (Ronald, Hope Sr. Kempe, 2005).Other CausesAn obvious but often overlooked cause is simply war itself for without war there would be no need for child soldiers. Other causes consist of a proliferation of small arms since the end of the cold war, lack of education and displacement. These factors are likely to be present when a child is forcefully recruited by means of abduction which is a common occurrence in poor rural remote parts of Africa.Well known targets for this repulsive behavior are schools, walking home from school, refugee camps and from the home, often during the night. Others motivations that may lead to a child voluntarily choosing to become a child soldier often stem from a view that the armed force will provide variant opportunities not available at home. Additionally they are seen as providing a s ense of adventure, survival in the case of an orphan, revenge against killed family members and escape from an either autocratic or abusive home (Cahn, 2005).These other causes do indeed contribute to a child decision to become a child soldier, especially if that recruitment has been forcibly undertaken. The state is often virtually non existent due to corruption / conflict and thus not able to provide sensible economic policy that may encourage industry and development or any social safety nets. The result is there are simply insufficient jobs the only brass instrument is that of the army or rebel group and therefore child soldiers in Africa do not exist for ideological reasons, but rather reasons of survival and escape from abject poverty.The fact that war is one of the main causes of child soldier recruitment seems too obvious and it appears quite strange that many non government organisations, researchers and bodies such as the UN have failed to even recognise it as a major ca use in their research / discussions as a trigger for child soldier recruitment This ignorance may account for why many of the current efforts such as the millennium development goals (MDGs) are failing Africa. Moreover as war is such a massive force of destruction and normality in Africa that sadly many children grow up believing it is a part of prevalent life. Just being aware of its presence in your backyard / town generates a continuous need where a child must look out for themself through violence. War will cause the collapse of society including, family structures, closure of schools and other places of learning and lead to high unemployment. All of which indirectly lead children to view inter-group communication in military conflicts as the only choice available to them for survival.The circumstances of education have a very immense impact on puppyish children and through childhood and education children are forming their morals, values and goals for later life. Access to e ducation and the content that is actually taught in schools are of equal importance. The relevance of education to employment, the way in which children are treated in their schools, or the way the school operates as a recruiting place are also important when poring over the relationship between education and the recruitment of child soldiers. Likewise, the lack of education is a perilous trap because children will find armed violence as the only possible solution to their unappeasable boredom. Whilst studying the significance of education, the link between education and employment is also very important. In many of Africas unstable countries, this affiliation is very fragile and as a result children often find themselves thrown into a world of poverty and unemployment where education has no value. A consistent cycle of poverty leads to one course for its children that appears to offer economic protection and that course is that of armed involvement. As poverty increases in third- world countries the connection between education and employment is rapidly eroding and tragically a child coming to the conclusion that education is not very important in their lives.Singer (2001, p. 45) attributes the expansion of child soldiers to the proliferation of loose weapons.Rarely mentioned in analyses of world threats, which typically focus on the most complex and expensive systems, light weapons (rifles, grenades, light machine guns, land mines, and other child-portable systems) are the weapons most often used in contemporary warfare and produce 80 to 90 percent of all the casualties. Technological and efficiency advances in these weapons permit the transformation of children into lethal fighters.After the Cold War there were enormous amounts of small arms in scanty throughout the world. Until recently, the weight and technicality of small arms precluded the employment of children in front-line positions. The proliferation of simple, light arms such as the M16 and AK-4 7 assault rifles has meant that they are now easilyhandled and carried by the child. This is due in part to lighter weight, less moving parts, which allows for easy stripping and reassembly even for a child under the age of 10 (Faulkner, 2001).A final contributing factor discussed in this essay is that of displacement. Children that are separated from a family due to a variety of contrastive reasons will not have any reference for guidance, support or education. These childrens displacement may be the result of past wars that have created a generation of orphans as well as other children that are dislocated. Often these times is when children may identify with an armed group and possibly even volunteer their services to an armed group. However many children most likely initially move to either live on the streets in urban areas or possibly be able to access an orphanage for protection and shelter, although many will end up in refugee camps for displaced peoples. It is from these p laces of safety that these special risk groups are often forcibly recruited and as they are especially vulnerable and feel defenseless they will usually come to acceptance of promises that a powerful armed group will also provide them with protection, shelter, food, and other basics of survival (Save the Children Federation, 2001).International Law Childrens RightsThe international community has implemented laws that ban the recruitment and use of child soldiers in conflict. This legal and policy network is comprised of numerous laws developed by many international institutions and have been ratified by many governments.The following lists some organizations that have established many of the laws we see today that prohibit the use of child soldiers in conflict and also some of the major collections (Hughes, 2000).The conference of Nations (1924 Declaration for the Rights of the Child).The UN Security Council numerous resolutions.The International Labor Organisation Child labou r conventions.The Geneva Conventions were adopted in 1949.The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child 2002.Although some of these laws may be imperfect, legal protections now exist and are increasing to protect children from being drawn into military service.Where governments such as seen in Africa are not democracies and therefore may not be accountable to their citizens, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) andInternational institutions represent the best possible sources of change because they function right(prenominal) of the state bureaucracy. In some of Africas states that are experiencing conflict they may be either unable / unwilling, to protect childrens rights. NGOs have shown success in drawing attention to the problems facing children and in affording services and resources to help them. The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) has also been fervently promoted by NGOs which has resulted in many countries ratifying the convention (Cahn, 20 05). While conventions and laws are importantly necessary to address child soldier recruitment defiance of them needs to be correctly scrutinised, reported and the perpetrators held accountable beforehand tribunals or other bodies such as the Statute of the International Criminal Court.Disarmament, Demobilisation and ReintegrationThe gun gave a sense of power that was not there antecedent to becoming a child soldier and was most likely used against a childs own community. This raises two issues, firstly how do these children lose this sense of power and secondly how do the children reintegrate into communities they may very well have alienated? One thing that is obvious it that the process will be long and difficult in many cases and will require feasible and special programs to achieve rehabilitation and reintegration (Zack-Williams, 2001). When children can be induced into buckram disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration programmes, there are many factors to address. First ly the number of soldiers reporting for disarmament and demobilisation need to be counted, their weapons surrendered and consideration given to what communities or other destinations they choose to relocate to. The ideology of violence needs to be addressed by imposing alternative values and non-violent means of conflict resolution. The following points Malan (2000) demonstrates what needs may need addressing when child soldiers are being demobilised Nutrition Medical treatment (including STDs and drug abuse) Respect and self-esteem Human dignity and confidentiality consultation and participation in determining their fates Reintegration packages and benefits Community sensitisation in advance of family reintegration Amnesty from prosecution, protection from retribution for acts committed nurtureion from repeat recruitment mental disarmament Education, peace education and vocational training Employment creation.Given the number of needs as shown above there would obviously need to be a huge commitment on the part of all parties involved (not just the NGOs) to have any hope of achieving a beneficial outcome. furthermore when considering the above needs it does highlight how much damage child soldiers recruitment can do to the child. This awareness should encourage further urgent work by all concerned to address the causative factors such as abject poverty which is at the root of the whole child soldier process.ConclusionThe entire child soldier phenomenon is a poignant process where children are being deprived of their childhood, denied an education and blocked from actively participating in their chosen culture. As a matter of urgency the underlying abject poverty that is a catalyst for childrens involvement in conflict and war, must be addressed by good governance, social policy and targeted aid / assistance by NGOs and international bodies such as the UN. Priorities to assist in achieving a reduction in poverty in countries where hostilities have ceased s hould include the following. Improvements that allow secure private field activity, strengthening the public sector / quality of governance, increasing investment in infrastructure, the creation of service delivery in human development and the creation of a social safety net. Furthermore increased work must be done to not only create laws that prohibit the use of child soldiers in Africa, but to actively follow up on those responsible and apply appropriate penalties as a deterrent to others. Given the large number of needs shown to rehabilitate child soldiers and the subsequent investment in time and money a serious commitment will have to made by those involved to provide the best chance for the child to make water some normality of life and to not see the child return to armed conflict.Reference ListBaylis, J Smith, S 1999, The Globalization of World authorities An Introduction to International Relations, Oxford University Press, New York.Cahn, N 2005, Poor Children Child Wi tches and Child Soldiers in Sub-Saharan Africa, Public Law and Legal Theory Paper no 177, The George Washington University law School.Faulkner, F 2001, Kindergarten killers morality, murderand the child soldier problem, Third World Quarterly, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 491504.Honwana, A 2002, Negotiating Post-war Identities Child Soldiers in Mozambique and Angola, in Bond, G and Gibson, N (ed) 2002. Contested Terrains and Constructed Categories. Colorado Westview Press, p. 3.Hope Sr. K.R 2005, Child survival, poverty, and labor in Africa, Journal of Children and Poverty, vol.11, no. 1, pp. 19 42.Hughes, L 2000, Can International Law Protect Child Soldiers?, Peace Review, vol.12, no. 3, pp. 399 405.Malan, M 2000, Disarming and demobilising child soldiers The underlying challenges, African Security Review, vol. 9, no. 5/6.Save the Children Federation 2001, Child Soldiers parcel out Protection of Children in Emergencies, Save the Children Federation, accessed 20 May 2008,Singer PW, 2001, Caution Children at War, Parameters, vol.31, no. 4, winter 2001/2002, p. 40.UNICEF 1997, Cape Town principles and best Practices, UNICEF, accessed 23 May 2008, .Zack-Williams, AB, 2001 Child soldiers in the civil war in Sierra Leone, Review of African Political Economy, vol. 28, no. 87, pp. 73 82.

The Importance Of Logic And Language

The Importance Of Logic And style manner of speaking is defined as anybody which can be written, m let outh shown or otherwise exitd between people. It is method of military personnel communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a coordinated and conventional way. Language is the most complex form of communication. Language problems argon extremely complex, perhaps comparable with the complexities of human life itself. The importance of language is essential to every formulation and interaction in our everyday lives. We use language to inform the people around us of what we feel, what we desire, and question or understand the world around us. We communicate effectively with our words, gestures, and tone of voice in a multitude of plaza. Would you talk to a small child with the same words you would in a pargonntage meeting. Being able to communicate with each other, form bonds, teamwork, and its what separates humans from other animal species. Comm unication drives our lives and better ourselves. The importance of language is beneficial regardless if you do it for fun or for your career or flush just for personal travel. It is obvious that accomplishment languages contributes to mutual understanding, a sense of global citizenship and personal commitment.The moment of language in our lives is incomparable. It is not just restrained to be a means of communicating ones thoughts and ideas to the rest, but has in like manner become a tool for forge friendships, ethnic ties as well as economic relationships. Throughout history, learned men have reflected on the importance of language in our lives. Scholar benzoin Whorf has noted that language shapes our thoughts and emotions and determines our perception of reality, whereas John Stuart Mill has referred language to be the light of the mind. For linguist Edward Sapir, language is not just a vehicle for carrying out expressions of thoughts, perceptions, sentiments, and values c haracteristic of a community, but is a representation of a fundamental expression of social identity. He also believes that language helps in maintaining the feelings of cultural kinship. The significance of language in our day-to-day living includeLanguage aids in developing and grooming ones personality as a whole. Since learning a language is part of our noesis, it becomes one of the key factors in competitiveness. In the advanced industrial society of today, the basic knowledge of a single or more language has become indispensable.With the advent of the concept of globalization, people all over the globe communicate with each other and exchange ideas. Though technical advances have served as a medium for communication, you cannot deny the role played by language. Understanding of a common language has helped people to communicate, despite being from varied parts of the world.Language has become a major tool of communication between countries, cultural groups, various companies and organizations, communities and friends.Language is one of the key factors of our human developmental process, which sets us apart from the rest of the animal kingdom and knits a strong feeling of kinship amongst us. A baby is born without language, but even without formal training, by the age of five, the child knows several hundred words and grammar of a particular language. This is an inherent human tendency, which is extremely key for further growth. both discrepancy seen in learning a language at such early stage might indicate certain illness in a child.In the developmental trajectory of a child, language plays an important role since it is connected with various aspects of a childs growth. Learning a language is directly link up to emotional development. For lesson, a baby gazing at his parents face is responded by cooing and few words of love by his parents. This retains in the babys mind and when he is a subatomic older, he begins using language to express his emoti ons as well.Language is also connected to the moral development in a child. The process begins when the child is or so 18 months old. The child learns the right and wrong by listening to what his parents or other adult authorities tell him. Imagine teaching the child the fight of right or wrong without the tool of languageLearning a language within the first five years of ones life is important. It is one of the scoop out predictors of a childs later performance in school. A child who has significant speech or language delays has a high likelihood of eventually having spat with reading, which may continue throughout school.IMPORTANCE OF LOGIC IN HUMAN AFFAIRSLogic is the study of the principles and methods of reasoning. Logic is generally based on minus which is a method of exact inference. It is a study of correct reasoning that consist of language and reasoning. It explores how we distinguish between good (or sound) reasoning and bad (or unsound) reasoning. An instance of re asoning is called an argument or an inference. An argument consists of a set of statements called premises together with a statement called the final stage, which is mantic to be supported by or derived from the premises. A good argument provides support for its conclusion, and a bad argument does not. Two basic types of reasoning are called deductive and inductive.A good deductive argument is said to be validthat is, the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises. A deductive argument whose conclusion does not follow necessarily from the premises is said to be invalid. The argument All human beings are mortal, all Greeks are human beings, therefore all Greeks are mortal is a valid deductive argument. entirely the argument All human beings are mortal, all Greeks are mortal, therefore all Greeks are human beings is invalid, even though the conclusion is true. On that notation of reasoning, one could contend that all dogs, which are also mortal, are human beings.Misundersta ndings commence from the heart of people who are not adept in expressing their needfully and desires in a discreet and precise manner which sooner or later result to a more devastating damage like pandemonium and wars between confederations. Crimes like illegal and immoral acts are committed because of the endless sufferings of one whose needs are not adequately comprehended due to his light ability of expressing himself. Major and minor dilemmas between friends, family members and other relationships are the aftermaths of ignorance in the appropriate and proper usage of language. These few and many more problems which we are lining today usually root from a distinct cause which is the lack of comprehension which could have been solved before it commenced if only the humanity learns how to study the structure of arguments and ascertain its validity and truthfulness.Indeed, the study Logic is a very vital necessity which could lead to a more vivid, harmonious and progressive futu re. These are few of the numerous good reasons why it is helpful to study of this subject. Logic learning can allow you to improve the quality of the arguments that you create. When you make rational disputes, you are minded(p) to convince other people to agree with your claims. And people are much less likely to believe that you have a valid point by giving them accurate and logical justifications.The learning process leave behind also give you the ability to evaluate the arguments of others. When you know how to understand arguments the way they are supposed to be constructed and the way they shouldnt be constructed, you will find all kinds of bad arguments out there that could weaken your opponents conclusion most especially during debates. As you argue with each other you will be able to determine the fallacies which were asserted because you will be able to critically scrutinize the rationality and authenticity of your opponents dispute. other important aspect of Logic is Ph ilosophical Logic and Reasoning and the importance of this in our lives includeThis is essential in General Problem Solving It helps us to analyze concepts, definitions, arguments and problems, and contributes to our capacity to organize ideas and issues to deal with questions of value.Communication Skills Here our skills will be enhanced as we are able to present ideas through well-constructed domineering and reasoned arguments.Persuasive Powers We will learn to build and defend our own views, to appreciate competing positions, and to indicate forcefully why we consider our own views preferable to alternatives. makeup Skills Philosophical Logic and Reasoning teaches us interpretive writing through its examination of challenging texts, comparative writings through emphasis on forthrightness to alternative positions, argumentative writing through detailed portrayal of concrete examples and others. These are very important reasons why logic and reasoning matter in human affairs. The y can be applied in the trained academic person life, or to the normal individual who has a desire to analyze the issues face him/her before making a final crucial decision.Logic and Reasoning are important in career training and development on the job. In management, administration, law, finance, engineering, physics, chemistry, archeology, history and other disciplines, logic and reasoning are essential. We will be able to broaden the range of things we know and understand, be able to receive self-knowledge, antepast and a sense of direction in human affairs. We can accomplish self-discovery, expansion of consciousness, and self renewal. Therefore, when we are faced with a routine daily situation or a very difficult problem or issue to resolve, logic and reasoning are important to remember and be applied for the trump out or most desired results.Logic is important because it influences every decision we make in our lives. Logical thinking allows us to learn and make decisions t hat will affect our lifestyle. If no one thought logically, we would all be running around like chickens with our heads cut off, and nothing would make any sense.CONCLUSIONLanguage is obviously a vital tool. Not only is it a means of communicating thoughts and ideas, but it forges friendships, cultural ties, and economic relationships. Language, of course, is knowledge, and in our world today knowledge is one of the key factors in competitiveness. Brains and knowledge are what create the prosperity and growth we tend to take for granted. In an advanced industrial society in an increasingly interdependent world, the knowledge of other languages becomes indispensable. Just think of how the advent of the Internet has changed our lives. For the last few years, millions of people across the world, who share common interests, are able to communicate with each other and exchange ideas. Not only are they able to do this due to the various technological advances, but also because they share a common language.The ability to think logically is of immense practical importance in our daily lives. Day after day, from moment to moment, we are busy interpreting available evidence and making predictions on what will happen next. When I walk along the sidewalk, it is my interpretation of the available evidence that leads me to the conclusion that it will be safe to put a foot forward for the next step. The moment conditions change (for example, if I hear a gunshot) I may have to reinterpret, and may then conclude that it is no longer safe to put a foot forward for a next step. Generally, logic is important in human affairs becauseIt helps us to distinguish good argument from bad ones.It makes our thinking clear accurate.It strengthens our intellectual skills.It advances our quest for knowledge and understanding any(prenominal) is our field of interest.It enlarges our capacity to formulates argument analyse them critically.

Child abuse signs and the long term effects

Child jest at signs and the long stipulation effectsChild Abuse Signs and the Long Term Effects exclusively minorren ar born with the right to be able to grow, develop, live and love according to their needs and feelings. Growing up croupe be difficult, and most electric razorren suffer the love and care that they need to develop into healthy, mature adults. For a childs development they need protection from adults who love them and help them acquire the skills to be a lucky adult. However, some children are neglected and hurt by adults that they trust. Abuse send word mean different things to different people. Abuse can also happen erst in their lifetime, or it can happen many times. personal, emotional, sexual, and neglect are the four types of child abuse. Over three million reports of child abuse are made every year in the United States. (OMeara and Fedderson) Over seventy five percent of children die each year from abuse. (Prevent child abuse) Certain habituss of child abuse are serious enough to become a crime. Physical, emotional and sexual abuse, as well are neglect, can lead to long line psychological effects on a child. How can child abuse happen? There are many factors as to why abuse happens. both(prenominal) of these factors include domestic violence, alcohol and drug use, and stress and lack of support from former(a)s (Saisan, Gill, Segal). When a child witnesses domestic violence is very chaotic and it throws instability in the home. Alcohol and drug use increases a lapse in judgment and can interfere with the ability for a person to control their actions. Being a parent is not an easy task and sometimes it can cause a very stressful situation. Teen parents often need patience to chain reactor with a child, and most of the time they do not take a leak that so they depend on others. Caring for a child with a disability can also create a stressful situation. Also, when parents and caregivers are abused as a child they grow up to abuse their very own children, and the cycles/second of abuse continues. (Saisan, Gill, Segal) Younger children may not understand why these acts are being done, and may think that they have done something wrong. On the other hand, sure-enough(a) children have the ability to do something about the abuse being done to them. Often times, most children become withdrawn and do not prefer babble out about it. Each category of child abuse has its very own distinct signs. Each child is unique and may exhibit specific signs if they are enduring a specific type of abuse. Physical abuse often occurs when a child is hit out of anger or is caught in the pith of a very stressful situation. Children under the age of two are most likely to suffer direct abuse from the hands of a parent. (Juby 519) Physical abuse is often described as unexplained injuries such as bruises, burns, and abrasions. Sometimes, the child may be fearfulnessful of adults that he or she is not known with. Parents may exhibit signs that they are being opprobrious with their children by using a harsh tone with their voice, offers no explanation for their childs injury, or is very electronegative with their child. (Recognize Abuse) Emotional abuse can be referred to verbal abuse. When a parent or caregiver says mean and hurtful things to a child, they are emotionally pain them. Excessive demands, penalizing children for their work, discouraging the child from moving forward, and exposing them to family violence are just a few signs of emotional abuse. Physical and emotional abuse often point of intersection each other however, emotional abuse is much harder to identify. (Fact Sheet) Children who endure this type of abuse often think that this is a normal way of life. The parents who may be treating their child in such way may blame or belittle the child, refuse to offer help, or constantly reject the child. (Recognize Abuse) Emotional abuse is often present when other forms of abuse are identif ied within the child. Sexual abuse can take place within the family by a parent, sibling, or other relative. This type of abuse can also happen outside of the home by a friend, neighbor, teacher, or a stranger. When this abuse has occurred, the child can develop a variety of distraught feelings, thoughts and behaviors. This type of abuse has been reported up to 80,000 times a year, but research suggests that to a greater extent cases go unreported because the children are afraid of confessing of what happened to them. (Prevent Abuse) Children who are sexually abused often develop a very low self esteem and a reprobate view of sex. A physician must detect signs of sexual abuse through a physical examination because there are no immaterial signs. Some may want to consider the signs of sexual abuse if the child shows the following symptoms difficulty walking or sitting, nightmares, bedwetting, a sudden change in appetite, or demonstrates unusual sexual behavior. Parents may also sho w signs that they are sexually abusing their children if they are being very isolated, they severely limit the childs contact with other children, or they are very jealous. (Recognize Abuse) Neglect is simply refusing to meet the childs basic needs for survival. About fifty nine percent of children suffer from neglect. In 2007 an estimated 1760 children have died from abuse or neglect. (Fact Sheet). The child may be frequently absent from school, lacks needed medical care, has constant body odor, and does not have appropriate habit based on the weather conditions. When the parent seems depressed, behaves irrationally, and does not care about the interest of his or her child, they could be the one neglecting their child. (Recognize Abuse) No child is prepared to lie with with any type of abuse done to them. Children are not just an object. They are a human being, just like everyone else. There is no lesson way of saying that child abuse is ok. Parents and caregivers often do not realize the effects that abuse has on their children. Many think that it is a form of punishment but in reality, it is harming the child. (Saisan, Gill, Segal) The long term effects of abuse can cause severe psychological problems that can be devastating to the child. These problems can range from mild to severe depending on how long the abuse was endured or how severe it turned out to be. Parents with low educational value are more likely to use abuse (Juby 519). Psychological problems that a child may face are academic difficulties, alcohol and/or drug abuse, anxiety, behavior problems, depression, fear of certain adults, self neglect, sleep disorders, age-inappropriate behavior, social withdrawal, and separation anxiety. Abuse can also intervene with the ability to establish healthy relationships in the future. All children are different and they each respond to situations in their own way. Some children may endure some form of abuse without developing any of the long term effec ts. (Newton) In conclusion, child abuse can cause psychological problems that can be irreversible. There are ways that child abuse can be prevented. There are many organizations today that have dedicated themselves to the treatment and prevention of child abuse. A known organization that has been around the longest is called ChildHelp. It is a non-profit organization that aids in the treatment and prevention of abused children (OMeara and Fedderson). Prevention is the only cure for child abuse. Abuse of any kind can cause emotional scars that can never be healed. Children are supposed to learn everything they need to become successful adults in this world from their parents. Instead of teaching, loving and nurturing, abusive parents and caregivers provide the opposite of what children need to grow and develop. Works CitedChildhood Disease and Disorder Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009. Web. 22 Nov 2009Child Welfare Information admission Recognizing Chi ld Abuse and Neglect Signs and Symptoms. 9 Oct 2009. Web. 21 Nov 2009Fact Sheet Emotional Child Abuse. Michigan. Web. 21 Nov 2009Juby, Cindy. Parental Attitude A Meditating Role in Disciplinary Methods used by Parents Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal Dec 2009 519. Proquest. Web. 23 Nov. 2009Newton, C.J. Child Abuse An Overview. Mental Health Journal. Apr 2001. Web. 19 Nov. 2009OMeara, Sara. Yvonne, Fedderson. Effects of Child Abuse. ChildHelp. Web. 22 Nov 2009. Saisan, Joanna, Ellen Jaffe-Gill, and Jeanne Segal. Child Abuse and Neglect. Help guide. Oct 2008. Web. 20 Nov 2009Preventing Child Sexual Abuse. Stop it Now. Web. 23 Nov. 2009

death penalty Essay -- essays research papers

ending penalization Is it violation of merciful rights? Mohammad Towhidul Islam Though the modern world is in truth sympathetic to the concept of human rights issues, devastation penalty as a form of capital punishment has still been in practice in the world. During 2001, at least 3048 people were executed in 31 countries as well as at least 5265 people were sentenced to death in 68 countries. It is truly interesting to see that some advanced countries, which are pioneer to the protection and promotion of human rights and also very vocal to the human rights situation in the developing world, do impose death penalty, even on children.Death penalty and human rightsThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 has incorporated most of the human rights. It has specially enshrined the protection of the right to animation in Article 3. However, Article 29 recognises that human rights and fundamental freedoms are subject to limits. Though it didnt specify clearly, it is presumed that by imposing death penalty, right to life may be curtailed in certain circumstances. The death penalty is the only exception that is mentioned in Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1976. All rights of man stem from one right, his right to life. Mans right is the first cause of all some other rights. It is not axiomatic (self-evident) but its absolute. The right to life, thus rooted in natural and ethical principles and usually inscribed in a countrys constitutional and profound framework. In Criminology the word punishment is used to denote compensation and the offenders have to suffer different punishments depending on the aggravating form of offences. Though right to life is ensured and protected by the way of giving punishment to the wrongdoers, the right to life is curtailed when someones life is executed under death penalty. Origin of death penaltyDeath penalty as a form of punishment has been used throughout history by different societie s. The first death penalty laws came as uttermost as the Eighteen Century BCs in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which codified the death penalty for 25 different crimes. The death penalty was also infract of the Fourteen Century BCs Hittite Code, the Seventh Century BCs Draconian Code of Athens, which made death penalty for all crimes, and the Fifth Century BCs Roman uprightness of the Twelve Tablets. Death sent... ...ence. Once an inmate is executed, nothing can be done to make amends if a mistake has been done. Many of the innocent releases from death row came about as a result of factors outside of the judge system. In other cases, DNA testing has exonerated death row inmates. Here, too, the justice system had concluded that these defendants were guilty and deserving of the death penalty. So it can be said that society takes many risks in which innocent lives are lost. cerebrate remarksThough we are very far from achieving a worldwide ban on capital punishment, the re are certain situations in which the death penalty should be looked upon as a violation of universally accepted international norms. Where the death sentence is imposed on minors, pregnant woman or persons with psychiatrical disorder, at odds with internationally recognised norms, it constitutes a human rights violation. Even where a death sentence is carried out in circumstances that are not compatible with internationally accepted procedural norms constitutes a human rights violation. Again, the conditions of detention and the time spent awaiting execution the death penalty may constitute a violation of human rights.

A Hobbesian and Heroic Unreflective Citizenship Essays -- Hobbes Plato

A Hobbesian and Heroic Unreflective CitizenshipIn Meno, Plato asks what merit itself is (Plato 60). This dialogue on virtue between Socrates and Meno ably frames a wider dialogue on ethics between Thomas Hobbes, the Greek terrific tradition, and the sophists of 5th century Athens. Hobbes Leviathan and Aristophanes The Clouds introduce three classes of ethical actors to respond to Platos inquiry Hobbes ethical lemmings, the heroic ethical traditionalists, and the sophist ethical opportunists. The Meno also helps capture the essence of contemporary discussion of the morality of desire and emotivism, as articulated by Roberto Mangabeira Unger in companionship and Politics and Alasdair MacIntyre in After Virtue. Fin on the wholey, I will examineand then problematize the Hobbesian and heroic responses to ethical subjectivism. SOCRATES Meno, by the gods, what do you yourself say that virtue is?MENO There is virtue for every action and every age, for every task of ours and every one of u s.(Meno 60-61)Meno helps Plato articulate the implications of subjectivism and the arbitrary designation of value. Roberto Mangabeira Ungers discussion of the morality of desire (Unger 49) and Alasdair MacIntyres description of emotivism formalize the ethical importance of Menos inability to disaggregate the self from a definition of virtue. According to Unger, the morality of desire defines the good as the atonement of desire, the reaching of the goals to which our appetites and aversions incline us. The task of ethics on this view is to teach us how to organize life so that we shall approach contentment (49). In a similar vein, MacIntyre describes emotivism in After Virtue Emotivism is the doctrine that all evaluative judgme... ...valuation, but can ensure the engagement of informed citizens and offer the choice and dividing line between competing paradigms. Platos wisdom does not reside in his provision of definitions, but his understanding of the intrinsic good of an autonomo us process of thinking, searching, and questioningall of which absolute standards ignore.Works CitedAristophanes. The Clouds. Trans. and foreword by William Arrowsmith.Forrest, W.G. The Emergence of Greek Democracy.Guthrie, W.C. A History of Greek Philosophy.Hobbes. Leviathan. Trans. Herbert W. Schneider.MacIntyre, Alasdair. After Virtue. 2nd Ed. University of Notre Dame Press Notre Dame, Indiana, 1984. MacIntyre, Alasdair. A succinct History of Ethics. Plato. Five Dialogues Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo. Trans G. M. A. Grube. Unger, Roberto Mangabeira. Knowledge and Politics.

bloodmac Shakespeares Macbeth - Images and Imagery of Blood and Sleep

Blood and Sleep Imagery in Macbeth Macbeth screams imagery Shakespe be uses imagery of blood and sleep to create an atmosphere of horror, during the killing of Duncan, which contributes to our sense of Macbeths growing insanity. at last madam Macbeths final scene is enhanced with the use of blood imagery which reflects her guilt. Shakespeares use of imagery connects the feeling of horror from audience to play. Macbeth held such potential for himself. He was honoured Thane of Cawdor, and who knows what else Duncan had in store for him. Unfortunately he chose not to find out, by murdering the king. The scene of Duncans murder (II, ii) demonstrates the guilt and feeling that the blood diffuses into the air. When he returns to his bedchamber lady Macbeth notices that he has brought back the blood covered daggers with him. She persuades him to bring them back to the scene of death, but he refuses by saying Ill go no more. I am afraid to think what I have done Look ont again I dare not. Lady Macbeth responds ruthlessly to her husband, Infirm of purpose Give me the daggers. The dormancy and the dead are but as pictures. Tis the eye of child hood that fears a painted devil. If he do bleed, Ill gild the faces of the grooms withal, for it must seem their guilt. Lady Macbeth tells her husband that he was acting like a child and went by herself to smear blood upon the kings grooms so it will seem like they did it. Lady Macbeth returns from Duncans chamber telling Macbeth that her hands are covered in blood just like his. She encourages Macbeth to wash the blood from his hands to remove the evidence from their presence. My hands are of your color... I hear a knocking...A little... ... come, come, give me your hand Whats done cannot be undone. To bed, to bed, to bed Lady Macbeth is haunted by her guilt. The blood that was shed disturbs her conscience so much that she cant hide from it. Works Cited and Consulted Campbell, Lily B. Macbeth A Study in Fear. R eadings on Macbeth. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1999. 126-35. Foakes, R.A. Images of Death in Macbeth. In Focus on Macbeth. Ed. John Russell Brown. Boston Routledge, 1987. mob IV of Scotland. Daemonologie. In Minor Prose Works. Ed. James Craigie. Edinburgh Scottish Text Society, 1982. Muir, Kenneth. Introduction. In Macbeth. Ed. Kenneth Muir. New York Routledge, 1992. Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Ed. Kenneth Muir. New York Routledge, 1992. Truax, E. Imagery in Macbeth Comparative Drama 23. 1990359-76.