Beyond Beyond Fashion

There is a trick of my writing teacher: When we finish reading an essay, first he asks: â€Å"What is it about? † We answer, then he asks:† If that's not what the essay is about, then what is it about? † So we answer again, striving to squeeze out every drop of intelligence out of our brain cells. Repetitively, after we are willingly tortured by this same question for three more rounds, the essence of the essay shows up. This was exactly the same feeling I received from the exhibition Charles James: Beyond Fashion, displayed by the Costume Institution of the Metropolitan Museum ofArt. Throughout the exhibition, I was asked this question over and over again: If fashion is not what the exhibition about, then what? Started from Maya and lasting until August 10, the special exhibition of Costume Institute of Metropolitan Museum presents the audience signature pieces of Charles James, an Anglo fashion designer who was active during the post-WWW 20th century in America. The exhibition is held in the special exhibition galleries on the Museum's first floor and The Costume Institute's Anna Winter Costume Center on the ground floor, including one small adjunct hall showing documents.Fifteen evening ball gowns and about fifty ready-to- wears are displayed. With intricate costumes, James first of all stood out as a king of fabric sculptor without crown beyond the simple definition of a fashion designer who made clothes that fit in the trend. The costumes were indeed â€Å"amazing†Ã¢â‚¬â€- quoting the most commonly used word of the visitors. James' original spiral cut, almost seamless design and the free draping technique are still not nearly comparable in the present day.They were not Just fashion, but sculptures that go around human body with full artistry and could stand the test of pure aesthetic examination. However, if the costumes were examined even beyond their tags of â€Å"fashion† and beyond their sculptural appearances, the int ention of these designs was actually in some degree provoking, if we examine the quotes of James that were written on the walls of the halls. A quote of James revealed that his ideal of fashion was largely sexual. â€Å"The feminine figure,† he believed, was â€Å"intrinsically wrong†.Thereby he claimed, â€Å"All my seams have meaning, they emphasize something about the body. † In this way, he striver to â€Å"perfect† the female body, however destroying the natural beauty of female odd at the same time. As a result, the innate motive beyond the fashion appearance of these designs was sexism aesthetics of the traditional malpractice, which should have been eliminated a long time ago. James' fastidious and male-centric aesthetic of female figure beyond his ability as an artist was further revealed by details in his designs. In the actual practice, James overemphasized the female parts.First, the tops gather into sharp and pointing horn. This design was ma de possible by darts of the gowns' tops following the traditional Rococo corset, which once made the teenage arils and young wives' waistlines tiny but at the same time cruelly took away many of their lives. At the same time, the bottoms of gowns spread widely. Either the gowns had big volume of piled-up drapes on the hip, or they were supported directly by two bustles, which was also a typical classic masculine aesthetic that addressed female's ability of bearing kids.Overall, James' costumes remade a women's body into a funnel shape. In addition, the bosoms were preferably shaped as cones, which presented women lasciviously. Even in the Victorian times, this male-dominant esthetics was giggly controversial for these characteristics defined females simply attractive in the way of a reproduction and bearing machine. In the post World War II America, after the liberation of female body brought by the ‘H' dresses, this Victorian renaissance was a recess that brought female back into the prison of clothes.Rather, in today's aspect, these aesthetics of female body are morbid. For females, it is the blood and tears in females' costume history. These characteristics, as â€Å"beautiful† as some might consider, are dross of the Victorian culture that should never be reused to improve he figure or even hinted in a modern design. I have to say, peeking into the motive of the designer, I saw an egocentric though man who are arrogant in the way he examining females. Finally, the end of the exhibition explored what truly was beyond this fashion designer Charles James explored even deeper.Beyond a fashion godfather, a king of fabric sculpturing, and a self-involved and orthodox masculine artiest, the documentary hall showed James as a person. Traditional mannequins and sketches were shown. While at the meantime, the document room also showed he videos clips of James kissing his finale model on her cheek before going on the runway, and an important list of cele brities and artists typed by James that James would like to design for. The tone of the list was playful, ironic and effusive. There were as well glowing critics, basically eulogies.In this room, though most people do not linger in it, the most interesting information what the artist was available, and it gave anyone who wanted to look deeper into the motive and inspiration of him a lucid answer: genially eccentric, Charles James' boldness and arrogance toward there led to his unceasing pursuit of perfection and the exploration of impossibility, which explained his surprising designs and the elaborate way of fabricating the costumes. As an exhibition of the Metropolitan museum, there were some commendable displaying methods in this exhibition indeed.The exhibition started with a theatrical opening. At the entrance, the world darkened down, and with the wall showing the name of the exhibition and a classic walking mannequin (a woman-shape body model) of James, the bright outer world and the dark inside world were clearly vided. There was as if a magical twilight moment, indicating the arrival of something brilliant in the darkness. After the prologue, I was almost brought into Sesame's studio on 699 Madison Street by muslin samples of his gowns posing around his famous â€Å"butterfly' sofa, recreating the scene of the studio and the salon of James.Inside the hall, the gowns were arranged in a spiral shape, going around his best- known masterpiece: Clover Leaf Ball Gown 1953. The x-ray analysis as well as the animation simulator explained the inner structure of the clothes by showing the involutes plastic bones and complicated drapes in the layers of fabric. The application of new technology treated fashion so scientifically —-as if a real piece of architecture—-that it gave even the most general audience a chance to think about the materialist word â€Å"fashion† in a whole new way.On the pads that showed the information of exhibits, a fe w hints about this sexual intentions of James' designs by showing the costumes of inspiration from the Victorian time, without explaining the underlying meaning of the original design. Though implicit about the word â€Å"sexual†, Hess pictures purposefully gave the audience a clue to the intention but still left them room to think that what was truly beyond fashion beside the artsy structure, allowing their own interpretation.Deliberately, the exposition of the clothes revealed the museum's respect to the master James, for his elaborate effort paid beneath the fabric. Furthermore, the exhibition's respect was also to the audience, as the museum brought fashion back to the ground, accessible to a general audience, while it respect the individual thinking by leading the audience to think about what was truly beyond cushion instead of giving out a definite answer. Still, compare to the art value of the exhibits, the display of the exhibition was fairly not a highlight.The light ing in the main halls was a disaster. Firstly, the semi-dark lighting environment in the black hall was a click. Comparing to other costume exhibitions at the Met Museum, this technique was so widely used that this trick did not tell anything about the artist. It was even anti-characteristic. James had a preference for dark colors. However, the semi darkness created a hostile environment for the audience to see the details. Especially since flash was not allowed, without a professional camera, I could not capture any details of the dark coats and gowns beside their silhouettes.And since the photos could not be used as long-term documents, the educational function of the museum in this aspect was largely sacrificed. Additionally, the semi-darkness also brought a sense of heaviness to the costumes. To illustrate, one of the best-known gown called â€Å"Swan† was named for the lightness of the peplum, which was composed of six layers of delicate chiffon. Nonetheless, with the li ghting, I did not see the eighteens at all because the semi-dark casting light could not go through and light up the costume like natural light.Therefore, what I saw was an impenetrable broom instead of the airy dress, which was not influenced by gravity. Overall, the display was mismatched with the costumes, even though there were few novel techniques applied. The masterpieces were as if sunk in a Jar platitude. The title Beyond Fashion made me feel confused and enthralled when I first stepped in that dark hall, yet I felt illuminated and preoccupied when I stepped back to the bright outer world. The exhibition successfully pushed one to think about the essence beyond appearance by presenting the costumes in different layers and angles.An audience could feel the question of what was beyond fashion throughout the exhibition. The magic would not happen until the very end, where one could confidently give out his/her own answer, like the answer to fifth round of questioning of my writ ing teacher. As for me, beyond fashion, beyond structure, beyond male chauvinism and beyond all his drama, I saw an aloof, fastidious, nostalgic, self- involved, narcissistic yet incredibly serious and genius about fashion soul of this master, this man.

Literary Analysis of Sunrise over Fallujah Essay

The novel Sunrise Over Fallujah by Walter Dean Myers is a historical fiction novel that retells the memories of Robin Perry’s experience in Iraqi civil war. He was in a civil affairs unit, which is dedicated to protecting by standers in the war. Robin encounters various setbacks that try to slow down the progress of his unit such as the death of his close friend Jonsey. Walter Dean Myers portrayed his knowledge of the setting, aspects from the past, and made the plot very believable in the historical fiction novel Sunrise Over Fallujah. Firstly, the historical, cultural, and geographical content involving the setting was portrayed accurately and was authentic. In addition, authors must complete detailed research of their settings before attempting to write a book of this genre. If authors want â€Å"To create accurate and authentic settings in their books, they must research the time period thoroughly† (Read). Once the author has completed a detailed research of the setting they are looking to portray they can then start the writing process of their novel. Furthermore, an accurate setting makes the fictional part of the story believable and is what keeps the readers attention. The unit Robin was in had a â€Å"Route that was northward through the city and just out of it to Al Kazimayn mosque† (p.131, 14-15). This is an example of accurate geographical knowledge of the setting. Moreover, making the setting accurate is important, but making it authentic is just as important. When the main character Robin and his crew raided a home they â€Å"Couldn’t tell if it was an apartment house or one big family† (p. 53, 7-8). Researching about how the civilian population lived, ate, and what artifacts were a common part of their lives can make the settings in the novel more authentic. This concludes the importance of the setting in a historical fiction novel. Secondly, aspects from the past were used to help the reader see the development of the plot and fictional characters. Moreover, aspects from the past are important in a historical fiction novel because the readers see key elements develop. Many authors suggest that â€Å"Any aspect from the past can be useful to the present-day novelist attempting to reanimate it to serve as the context for character and plot development† (Facts). Plots and characters begin developing from the author’s research of aspects from the Iraq War. Furthermore, the war in Iraq was full of question, which created many aspects for Walter Dean Myers to choose from. Captain Miller was â€Å"Mad because there were kids in and playing around the school when they attacked it† (p. 100, 24-25). Those types of features from the war in Iraq helped the author develop fictional characters. In addition, aspects from the war in Iraq can be used for the development of the plot. For example, at one point in the novel â€Å"The vehicle ahead of Robin’s crew made a sharp U-turn, ‘RPGs!’ Jonsey shouted; he braked to a skidding halt† (p. 101, 23). This commonly used tactic of the Iraqi military was a feature that Walter Dean Myers used to help develop the plot. After analyzing the novel, readers quickly realize the importance of using aspects to develop characters and the plot. Finally, the most important part of a historical fiction novel by far is the believability of the plot. Moreover, the plot of a historical fiction novel is the most important part because this specific element of a novel is what keeps the readers attention. In a historical fiction novel â€Å"The fictional characters, settings, and plot events must be portrayed authentically as if they actually could’ve happened† (Read). This is a key component to make sure that everything in the â€Å"fictional† event is accurate and authentic to keep the readers attention. Furthermore, the plot consists of multiple parts in the story but the most looked forward to moment is the climax. The main character Robin was explaining that, â€Å"I had my head turned when the bus exploded. The impact went through my body and slammed me against the back of the Humvee† (p. 199, 22-24). The climax of the novel is successful as it creates suspense and kept the reader focused on the rest of the novel. A key component of making the plot believable is using terms based on the event the author is writing about. When Robin’s division had to move they â€Å"Were supposed to go from the FOB (forward operations base), which was nothing but a few tents in the sand, to mining area about fifteen to twenty miles away† (p. 78, 2-4). Complex terminology such as â€Å"FOB† can keep the readers attention because it seems like the author knows what he writing about. Walter Dean Myers successfully made the plot believable and kept the readers attention. The three major components to writing a historical fiction novel; knowledge of the setting, using aspects from the past, and the believability of the plot is what made Sunrise Over Fallujah a successful novel of this genre. This novel met ends with the criteria to writing a historical fiction novel, which is why it is recommended to readers that enjoy this genre. In the end, Walter Dean Myers put together a wonderful piece of literature that was successful in the historical fiction genre. Citations â€Å"Historical Fiction.† Read Write Think. IRA/NCTE, 2013. Web. 29 Apr. 2013. â€Å"Historical Fiction.† Facts On File Companion to the British Novel: 20th Century, vol. 2. 2006. Bloom’s Literary Reference Online.

Greek and Roman Heroes

Brianne Keil HUM2210 October 15th, 2012 Interpretation Paper 2: The Warrior Hero We all envision certain types of qualities when considering what defines a hero: strength, agility, rock hard abs, and often, Brad Pitt. But throughout the Greek and Roman literature, we see different types of qualifications in the composition of their heroes. Obviously, both the Greeks and the Romans think that they define a true hero in their versions of Heroic Epics, but which one of these cultures actually proves that they have what makes the ultimate hero?With some further research into these societies and their literature, we see that their heroes really aren’t that different after all. In the Iliad, Homer targets the audience of Greek upper class men in order to spread some cultural propaganda to the nation. Homer captures audiences by using the hero of Achilles to show men what they should aim to be, and to show women what they should be looking for in a man. After the Dark Ages, Homer aim s to bring some positive light to the Greeks with his â€Å"Epic Heroes†, which leads to inspire more than just the Greek men of this time frame.Homer uses his words to encourage strength, creating what is known as the Greek Heroic Age, dating from 1200 to 750 BC. The Iliad becomes known as the warrior code of personal honor and glory, demonstrating the culture and the qualities Greek men should strive to achieve. Achilles, the epic’s hero, is an elegant gentleman who knows his destiny in life is to battle. Achilles makes it a strong point that the aim of every hero is to achieve honor, even if this honor is only reached in death. Achilles knows that he has two fates: to either live a long life with no fame attributed to him, or to die as a well-known warrior across his land.Achilles demonstrates to the male audience that honor can only sometimes be reached in battling to the death, an honor that is well worth sacrificing your life. In the Iliad, Achilles states, †Å"Man, supposing you and I, escaping this battle would be able to live on forever, ageless, immortal, so neither would I myself go on fighting in the foremost nor would I urge you into the fighting where men win glory. But now, seeing that the spirits of death stand close about us in their thousands, no man can turn aside nor escape them, let us go on and win glory or ourselves or yield it to others. † This statement proves Achilles deep desire within to reach glory for him, no matter what the cost. Even though Homer’s hero can only bestow honor alone, with his own actions, both Achilles and his enemy, Hector, strive to win the approval of the society as well. In a scene of the Iliad, Hector’s wife is urging, nearly begging, for him to sustain from battling. Hector replies with, â€Å"†¦ yet I would feel deep shame before the Trojans, and the Trojan women with trailing garments, if like a coward I were to shrink aside from the fighting. Hector’s resp onse demonstrates that not only does he have a duty to fulfill to the Trojans, but also to himself. By denying the fight with Achilles, Hector would be shameful to his society, but more importantly, to his own honor and glory. Homer displays a Greek hero as one with courage, honor, and personal glory that earns fame through the fights they conquer in their life. This description of a hero motivates many Greek men to step up to the plate and battle when the time comes, no matter what their risking along the way.A Greek Hero must be brave and fearless in the eyes of Homer, which leads to the perception of a hero to Greek citizens as a whole. The Roman’s, on the other hand, have a differing view of a hero, thanks to Virgil’s writing of the Aeneid. The Aeneid is an Epic History of Rome’s first ancestor, Aeneas. The original audience of this piece of literature is the broken and battered Trojans, who at the time (19 AD), were looking for some source of inspiration an d identity after being defeated by the Greek. The Aeneid demonstrates Pro-Rome propaganda, giving Romans something to believe in and aspire to be.It is said that Aeneas is the Hero that leads the Trojans after their defeat to Greece to a new land of prosperity. In the end, Aeneas slays Turnus due to his mission to provide the Roman’s with a new land to call â€Å"home. † Due to his strong will to complete his mission of reaching security, Aeneas is said to be the military Hero for Rome. Aeneas was â€Å"devoted to his mission†, and â€Å"chose the course heaven gave him†, leading to his title as an Epic Hero. Due to the cultural baggage the Trojans have after their humiliating defeat, the Aeneid is a much more emotional piece of literature, with â€Å"emotion in his heart†, when referring to Aeneas.Aeneas doesn’t just set an example for the Roman’s, he is inspirational to the entire population when things seemed to reach rock bottom. â€Å"Roman, remember by your strength to rule Earth’s peoples-†¦to pacify, to impose the rule of law, to spare the conquered, battle down the proud. †, Aeneas states in the Aeneid. By the end of the epic, the entire Roman audience feels that they themselves are the glorious conclusion of the story, not just Aeneas. He is idolized as the leader of a new found powerful legacy, in which includes each and every audience member. So now†¦the moment we’ve all been waiting for.Who takes the crown as the REAL epic hero? Well, it’s not that simple of a decision to make, even hundreds of years later. In some ways, the two heroes are very similar. But they also have contrasting qualities that make them unique to their culture. In Greece, the idea of personal honor and glory is highly emphasized, while the Roman Hero Aeneid is all about citizens coming together to reach power and prestige. The differing idealistic characteristics make sense from an outsider ’s view- the Greek had conquered the Trojans together, but only because of each individual warrior’s courage and bravery.In contrast, the Roman’s had just faced an embarrassing defeat, one which left the culture torn apart and most likely, depressed. Aeneid needed to create a positive morale among his people, which could only be restored by bringing everyone together to victory as one. The cultural baggage of each society lead to the way their heroes were presented. Even though the idealistic hero from a Greek society has more selfish attributes, Greek citizens would still appreciate Aeneid’s heroic acts, in my opinion.Whether Aeneid was fighting for his own glory, or for the glory of his people, he still slayed the enemy in order to reach his goal. The Greek audience would still hold Aeneid with high regards because in the end, he did battle for his destiny, and brought the Roman’s respect through his actions. Both cultures can appreciate the fact that both Achilles and Aeneid followed their destinies, battled for victory, and in the end, won fame because of their courage and dedication. While these motivations may have been pulled from different sources, both men were still able to bring glory upon themselves and the ones they fought for.Each of them held the true qualities of a warrior hero such as strength, endurance, and daring charisma, keeping them alive today, hundreds of years later. So, I hate to leave you hanging, but I guess the TRUE Epic Hero remains a mystery. After seeing what Achilles and Aeneid went through during battle, how can I choose which one is best? It’s so unfair! I think it’s safe to say that the Greeks will side with the self-determination of Achilles, while the Roman’s appreciate the inspiration Aeneid had to offer to them all.Either way, both of these men are considered warrior heroes to us all. Works Citied Dunkle, Roger. â€Å"The Classical Origins of Western Culture- ILIA D. † Brooklyn College Core Curriculum Series. Brookyln College, 1986. Web. 14 Oct. 2012. . SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on The Aeneid. † SparkNotes. com. SparkNotes LLC. 2002. Web. 2 Oct. 2012.

From the perspective of an operations manager in a large manufacturing Dissertation

From the perspective of an operations manager in a large manufacturing firm, present a case to the board of directors for adopti - Dissertation Example Elements of Lean Production 9 Figure 2.3.1.1. Six Sigma Implementation: An Overview 24 Executive Summary At present, products that have high levels of quality remains to be a prerequisite for any manufacturing company. Quality is the main focus of both lean manufacturing and Six Sigma as poor quality management often leads to waste and unproductive activities. On the other hand, appropriate management of quality significantly facilitates the manufacturing process, reducing safety buffers and identifying quality issues. Lean production emphasizes awareness of organizational culture, an organized workplace, standardization of work, flexibility in operations, empowerment of employees, control of materials, level production, and error proofing. Six Sigma also involves project definition, collecting measurements, analyzing process, correcting, designing, documenting and training, as well as controlling and verifying final outputs. The incorporation of both systems will allow a firm to ach ieve better outcomes than what either approach may not obtain. The combination of these two approaches can provide more favorable results compared to methods as it can incorporate both the human aspects (e.g. leadership, change in culture, customer focus) and process components (e.g. statistical thinking, process management), hence the need to examine the implementation of both systems. 1. Research Question From the perspective of an operations manager in a large manufacturing firm, present a case to the board of directors for adoption of Lean Production Systems and 6 Sigma Quality Management System. 1.1 Project Aims This current study aims to evaluate and present a business case with regards to the implementation of the lean production system as well as the Six Sigma quality system in an organization. 1.2 Project Objectives As such, the current study aims to address the following objectives: 1. Discuss the lean production system and Six Sigma quality system, and identify their effe cts on the organization; 2. Present case studies to examine and analyze the implementation of lean production and Six Sigma, highlighting their benefits; and 3. Develop a conclusion as well as recommendations based on the analysis and discussion of relevant data. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Introduction In an environment that is intensely competitive, the long-term success and survival of various organizations can depend on their ability to enhance quality and reduce costs in a continual manner (Montes, Moreno, and Molina 2003). Consequently, a higher level of productivity accomplished with fewer expenses has become an important component to become market leaders and sustain competitive advantage. For a number of successful manufacturers, integrating change into their production methods, such as the use of a leaner operation along with low inventory has been recognized as a fundamental practice, compared to traditional mass production that made use of a high inventory (Bai and Lee 2003 ). This suggests a clear message to employees- that goods should be produced with no defects in a timely manner and at an appropriate price. A shift towards lean production, however, can cause conflict that can hamper the implementatio

Just read and answer Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Just read and answer - Article Example The researcher has used four good and quality sources. The first one is titled, Changes to Sat. This source is reliable because it is information that emanates from the website of College Board, an institution responsible for offering SAT exams. The second source seeks to analyze what SAT measures. It gives information on the importance of these exams, and its historical background. It therefore provides important information that that can help in analyzing the evolution of SAT, and the reasons of racial inequalities in SAT test scores. The third source is an article by Balf, an editor for New York Times. This article is reliable and answers the question because it identifies the major reasons as to why SAT was overhauled, and the redesigning which was done to it. It provides an insight on the reasons for racial inequalities of SAT test scores, and the efficiency of the new policy developed. The fourth source is an article by Dan Fletcher, which talks about standardized testing. It outlines methods of ensuring that a test is of high quality standard, and it is fair to all its participants. However, one major limitation of the sources used is unavailability of a journal or book. These are also important sources of information. Finally, this topic is important because it touches on education and University admissions. Students are the people who are likely interested in these research, as their ability to pass these exams would determine whether they would get a college admission or not. This proposal is therefore important, and other would also view it as important. Education is a matter that affects all people within the

Summary Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Summary Paper - Essay Example One such organization-wide change has been decided in our company, which aims to adopt a Total Quality Management (TQM) approach in order to enhance organizational effectiveness. In this recommendation for change management process, I assert that adoption and implementation of TQM involves its translation into employee commitment through effective leadership competence to bring and sustain the concept of TQM in true sense. According to my observation and learning, TQM is an enormous task, and hence bringing the culture of TQM requires effective change management process and a strategy that fits with organizational structure and systems. To achieve this, I propose a systematic process that should involve assessment of the current situation and its readiness for TQM; a proven change management approach that fits with organizational systems and structure; development of leadership competencies; and effective communication strategies. Assessment of organizational readiness to the intende d change can be done based on McKinsey’s 7-s Model. This approach will also help in aligning different strategies and systems in accordance with the requirements of TQM. This approach was designed by Peters and Waterman (1982), and considers organization as a system made of seven key elements namely, strategy, structure, systems, staff, style, shared values and skills (Green, 2007). In the process of assessment, every manager should be given the task of identifying the areas that can be improved/modified in order to improve the output. Managers must be instructed to view the present structure and its readiness to adopt the TQM. For instance, managers must assess their processes structures and systems if they already have quality monitoring or control processes; if yes, then the process structure and systems may be regarded as suitable, and if not, modifications might be required. Thirdly, staff’s readiness for adopting TQM can be assessed in terms of knowledge and acce ptance levels. Next, style assessment requires understanding the staff members’ and leaders’ behavior and attitudes towards adoption of TQM. Skills assessment includes level of understanding, competencies as well as technical skills required for adoption of TQM principles. Lastly, assessment of shared values is necessary to imbibe the intended change into organizational values and then into individuals’ objectives. This is extremely important in change management situation because individuals at all levels must be committed to implement the change. In Gill’s (2006) words, ‘change requires effective management: clear objectives and planning; organizing roles, responsibilities and resources, and compatible and supportive corporate policies, practices and systems; monitoring and control’ (p.323). From this viewpoint, change management encompasses three critical dimensions: leadership, strategy and change process. Very often, change implementatio n fails because of lack of effective planning, monitoring and control; moreover, people tend to focus more on the objective or outcome of change rather than the process of change. The process of change should involve a good plan, measurable objectives, effective monitoring and corrective actions. The most important aspect of change management is the vision. In the present situation, organizational vision is to enhance its overall

The World Bank Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The World Bank - Assignment Example Some people say that when you love or are fulfilled, by what you do for a living, then you never really work a day in your life. Most people do not earn a living doing what most people want to do. They did not make the difference they wanted to make. Most people compromise, for one reason or another, and settle for what is most stable and guarantees the bills are paid. This is not a wrong decision; it is, in fact, a very responsible one. However, all the same, when asked, they will likely tell you they wish that they had gone another direction. It is a rare opportunity to really be inspired and fulfilled by where one works. That said, the goal of choosing a direction that is, both, financially consistent, as well as, something that is fulfilling is fundamentally important. The World Bank is an organization where that potential for that outcome to be realized. The World Bank was founded in 1944 and is a collaboration of five institutions. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and lastly, the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).("The world bank," 2012)   Each of these groups focuses and contributes to the financing and facilitating aid to middle income, developing, and destitute countries. Whether it is providing low interest or interest-free loans, guaranteeing potential losses with reluctant investors, or providing arbitration and mediation in investment disputes, they are encouraging growth. It is not just financial contributions, but also, environmental and humanitarian endeavours as well. In totality what has been created is a very dedicated entity, which is far more than the sum of its technical parts. The World Bank’s chosen mission is, ultimately, rather simple. They have one intent and supreme goal of ending global poverty. To do this they are deeply invested in projects dedicated to aiding those in poverty-stricken, under-developed, and suffering populations all over the world. They focus on a concept, they call, the Millennium Achievement Goals, which, â€Å"†¦calls for the elimination of poverty and sustained development.†

Zimbabwe Economy and International Relations Essay

Zimbabwe Economy and International Relations - Essay Example In February 2000, the government’s draft constitution was rejected by the majority of voters representing the first electoral challenge to the hegemonic and increasingly authoritarian rule of President Robert Mugabe and his ruling nationalist Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front Zanu(PF) party’s twenty-year rule (Amanda & Raftopoulos 2003:10). This culminated in a wave of war veteran-led farm invasions that saw many white commercial farmers losing their farms in the violence that ensued. Thus, Zimbabwe’s economy mainly being agro-based, the farm invasions precipitated the deepening economic decline which resulted in the disintegration of commercial farming. This also led to the decline in tourism as a result of the country’s negative publicity, major losses in foreign currency earnings, a fall in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 24 percent and a significant rise in arrears of Zimbabwe’s foreign debt of US$3.4, the withdrawal of Western Aid and substantial loss of foreign investment, widespread business losses, drastic fall of the Zimbabwean dollar, crippling fuel shortages and a severe national shortage of food threatening to affect Zimbabwe’s estimated population of 13 million.( Amanda & Raftopoulos 2003). Regardless of the negative publicity, Zimbabwe still maintains embassies in many countries across the world and more than sixty-six countries are represented in Harare, Zimbabwe’s capital city. It is also a member of various regional and international groupings such as the African Development Bank, The World Trade Organization, Southern African Development Community (SADC), Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).

Dilemma in Field Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dilemma in Field Work - Essay Example If Cash accepts, Jordan should try and collect the required data from the area Cash was assigned and try to compare them with the Cash’s computed data. If the date comparison seems to be correct, Cash should steal be reported to the head of the department to be fired from the project. Citing article 2b of the Principles of Professional Responsibility; that is, given that the project was to have direct public application policy formulation, Cash had neglected his duty to the project as well as to the public. Article 2b states that â€Å"an anthropologist should not knowingly falsify or color his findings"(Cassell & Jacobs, pp. 34). If Cash is not fired because of the similarity on the data collected by him and those collected by Jordan, Jordan should develop arrange for database verification in Cash’s region. Two students should be hired who will interview all information reported by Cash. These interviews results will be stored in a separate file until the completion of the projects field portion. At the analysis time, the data collected by Cash will be compared to that collected by the students in the same region. If there would be a difference in the two data, this will be an indication of falsified data by Cash. The student’s data will be used to replace Cash’s one and he would be requested to return all the payment made to him which he won’t reject as there is enough evidence to support that. Once the situation had developed, Smith had little recourses. The direct argument with the adviser was not the best option. Chances were high that he may just laugh at Smith knowing that there was no proof to support that. The adviser is one of the staffs in the university, getting of support for Smith from the department could be tough. This is because this will portray the department as having being involved in plagiarism.  

Media Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Media - Case Study Example In addition, with the incorporation of the Human Rights Act of 1998 set forth in Articles 8 & 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), concerning the 'tort of privacy' (although a merely 'implied' principle and a little more defined in the previous decades) the courts must also decide what is 'proportionate' and necessary, or if the injunction requires a 'social need' with regards protection of privacy.2 What is interesting to note here is that other countries encompassed by the European Union have interpreted this principle akin to the law of privacy. The German courts for instance declared that the statute serves to "ensure that the State complies with its positive obligation under the Convention to protect private life and the right to control the use of one's own image"3 It is clear that the two main foundations of the court's issuance of an injunction are the breach of the law of confidence and the principles of tort of 'privacy' (though still unspecified) as enshri ned in UK's Human Rights Act of 1998 and the ECHR. Based on the principles of the law of confidence, ... .4 It has to be remembered that Sporting Sunday has acquired material 'confidential in nature'5, reminiscent in the case of Coco v A N Clark (Engineers) Ltd [1969] RPC 41). The material was apparently not 'something which is public property' or constitutes a 'public knowledge'. 6An important requirement in application of this principle, provides that, 'there had to be an unauthorised use of the information' detrimental to the 'confider.' 7 Clearly, the publication of the 'unflattering' and 'imprudent' photographs of the couple, Jones & Davies is detrimental to the claimants as they are popular public figures. This contention is cemented in the case of Venables & Thompson v New Group Newspapers Ltd and others8 when Dame Butler-Sloss granted injunctions 'against the whole world' barring the disclosure of information which could have led to the recognition of the killers of James Bulger. The court decided that the 'disclosure of the information in question might lead to grave, possibly fatal, consequences for the claimants.'9 The primary importance of this decision is that information or personal data cannot be divulged, regardless of the circumstances. The courts must decide if non-disclosure of information threatens public safety. Based on the aforementioned principles, the circumstance surrounding the case of Davies & Jones and the publication of their photographs are not matters of public importance or public interest. In the case of A v B [2003] QB 195 10 the court bestowed an interim injunction which barred a newspaper from disclosing the claimants sexual liaison with a woman to whom the claimant was not married. The injunction was given based on the consideration that the information was, in nature, confidential and subjected under the principles stipulated in

Corporate & Global Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate & Global Strategy - Case Study Example The study made three important findings. Firstly, Tesco unlike the competitors is focused on cost leadership, generic focus and product differentiation. This has become part of the company's culture. To the company lower cost does not mean lower quality. Secondly, the company's management emphasizes on its core values, lay emphasis on product differentiation and lower cost; that is using the cash cows and stars to reduce the company's question marks. Also, it has been argued in this paper that, the company should enter into exclusive long term relationship with suppliers, co-branding with celebrity, artist and designers to create a unique product. It should be so, because taking a lead of innovation might mean innovation in branding, innovation in product variation and innovation in other formats. Andrews (1997: p. 52) defines corporate strategy as "the pattern of decisions in a company that determines and reveals its objectives, purposes, or goals, produces the principal policies and plans for achieving those goals, and defines the range of business the company is to pursue, the kind of economic and human organisation it is or intends to be and the nature of the economic and non-economic contribution it intends to make to its shareholders, employees, customers, and communities". Corporate strategy in effect maps out the businesses in which an organisation intends to compete in a way that focuses resources to convert distinctive capabilities into competitive advantage. (Andrews, 1997). In the present challenging context of today's global competition, businesses and firms no-longer compete as individual companies but try to corporate with other businesses in their activities (Wu & Chien 2007:2). Kanter (1995:71) on his work on "Mastering Change" argues that success in the present day business is not for those companies that re-engineer the way they do things, or for those fixing the past. According to Kanter (1995) such an action will not constitute an adequate response. 1.1TESCO Corporate Strategy This paper focuses on the corporate strategy of TESCO. Founded by Jack Cohen in 1919, Tesco Plc today, has established itself as the largest super store in Europe. According to the company 2007 corporate report and the website, Tesco PLC is an international retailer. Tesco principal activities include food retailing having over 2,000 stores in the United Kingdom. The company also has stores and retail outlet in other countries like the Republic of Ireland, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey, Thailand, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Japan and China (Tesco 2006 Review). Tesco operates 165 International Express stores. In addition it operates 39 stores in China, 111 in Japan, 13 in Malaysia, 62 in South Korea, 6 in Taiwan, 219 in Thailand, 35 in Czech Republic, 87 in Hungary, 105 in Poland, 91 in Republic of Ireland, 37 in Slovakia and 8 in Turkey. (Tesco Annual Review, 2006). It therefore operates

Assessing Your Company for Noble Cause Essay Example for Free

Assessing Your Company for Noble Cause Essay In the past few years, dramatic change has been observed in the ways that are being used for completing a job, as it is not difficult to find and keep great employees in the company. An overall shift in workplace values has been raised, which is a fact, and which, has changed the ways that were used to perform and complete the work by the employees. In this regard, it is very important to understand the abovementioned shift, in order to build a strong company, while saving on the payroll. Some other factors have played a vital role in changing the attitude of these employees, as well as, their values in the company. The trend of global market is one of the factors, by which, the position of potency of the employees have been strapped securely. In addition, worker empowerment and change in demographics have also played a crucial role in thrusting so-called knowledge workers in the front seats of the company. The need of a better work and life balance has also tends the career to be sacrificed by the employees in this determination. Traditionally, turnover has been stemming by the offering of incentives, such as, promotions, raises, etc. by the companies. However, a more organic crop of incentives has been turned by the human resource directors forcefully. Some of the reasons of this change have been the global competition and wages, which have rise significantly in the past years. In addition, hierarchies have collapsed and the promotion pool has shrunk in these years. Wise companies will not let any short-term downturn alter their efforts to become one of the most desirable places to work† as suggested by a West Coast-based retention strategist and speaker, John B. Izzo. (Withers, 2001) Demographics cannot be changed by the human resource directors. However, the employer-employee power dynamic, which is being affected by the fourth factor, can be responded by the companies today. Lines are now being drawn in the sand, as an increment has been observed in the risk of burnout tenfold by the working of longer hours and less leisure time of the employees. In this regard, a pace of change unprecedented in history is being faced by the workers in companies. It has been observed that self-identity is being tied up with the work identity by today’s workers, as shown in different studies. Instead, work and leisure is being tried to balance with the help of different ways that are being explored by these workers. In this regard, shifting of the values of these workers has been observed discernibly. The ways are intensifying, which are being implemented by the workers, in order to achieve their personal goals. In this regard, great staff is being found, kept, and engaged with the help of following strategies: Practical situations and offers should be made to the employees with the regard to the improvement and enhancement of their work and life balance. A sense of a deeper cause should be promoted for the employees. Different opportunities related to the professional development and growth of the employees should be offered. Employees should be treat like partners rather than treating them as servants. A community should be created in the workplace, in order to help workers in their office work, as well as, their homework. Trust should be rebuilt with the workers in every way. Suggestions for Companies An initial assessment has been designed from the following statements regarding the way an organization and its departments are doing in response to the procedures of search for employees with perspective of a noble cause. Thinking will be guided from this assessment, however, no definitive quantitative appraisal will be provided by it. A scale has also been provided to asses the statement regarding your work environment. The deeper meaning of the product or a service has been described by a statement of the company. For instance, human life has been improved and preserved, people are made happy at home, etc. (It ‘Yes’ is the answer, but, it is rare, then 1 point should be assigned. If the statement is real and applied often, then 3 points should be tallied). Company provides opportunities regarding the different volunteerism and community services to the employees. (If the opportunities have been provided by the company, then 1 point should be given. If training and encouragement is given to the employees, then 2 points should be given. If payment is given to the employees who participate in these activities, then give 3 points) . The people are inspired by higher ethics, in order to perform the right thing with the help of a set of values in the company. (If a set of values is in the organization, but it is rarely applied, then give 1 point. If these values have been employed, and ensuring methods have been implemented, then 3 points should be given. If such a statement is in the company, but the values are not observed by the company, and it has become a joke for the employees, then subtract 2 points) . In the community, a reputation regarding the commitment has been gained by the company with regard to the larger community. (one point) . Profits are not considered the only way of presenting the results of the company. However, the people who have been impact by the services of the company are often presented during large company meetings. (If these habits are performed by the company, then 1 point should be given. If services are given stronger preference over profits, then 3 points should be given) .

Definition Of Outdoor Recreation Physical Education Essay

Definition Of Outdoor Recreation Physical Education Essay The term Recreation, which came from the word Recreate means to create a new. Outdoor recreationist defined recreations as recreating something new in people which they have lost while getting so indulged in their work. But the question arises, to re-create what? Therefore, what has been lost during the non leisure time that needs to be recreated during the leisure time? In line with that, Kelly, (1996) states that Recreation stems from the Latin recreatio, which refers to restoration or recovery. The term implies the re-creation of energy or the restoration of ability to function. Recreation contains the concept of restoration of wholeness of mind, spirit, and body. It presupposes some other activity that depletes, tires, or deteriorates that wholeness(p. 25). In other words, people need to move from their working environment and do some kind of activities which can fill that wholeness whining them. Hence, this can only be achieved through outdoor recreation activities. Outdoor recreation, is any leisure time activity which is being conducted outdoor where individuals engages themselves either physically or mentally from a range of choices of activities for their personal satisfaction and enjoyment. This wide range of activities can be subdivided into two categories which are namely, resource based and user-oriented recreation. The resource based recreation is known to be conducted in the natural surrounding that cannot be easily duplicated by man and on the contrary, user-oriented recreation can be provided anywhere such as theme parks. Types of outdoor activity There are a wide variety of outdoor activities which can be categorized into land based activity or water based activity. Some of the well known activities are listed below; Bicycling Camping Canoeing/Kayaking Boating Fishing Freshwater Swimming Hiking Horseback Riding Hunting Motorized OHV Riding Nature Study Picnicking Beach Activities Visiting Archeological and Historic Sites Canoeing/Kayaking Canoeing/kayaking refers to the use of one or more single or dual blades, paddles, to propel a canoe or kayak forward with only human muscle power. For planning purposes canoeing/kayaking also represents many different forms of paddling activities, such as rafting or whitewater rafting. A majority of the use is facilitated through canoe/kayak launches and designated paddling trails, although such facilities are not absolutely required. Boating Freshwater and saltwater boating is the leisure activity of traveling by boat, or the recreational use of a boat focused on travel itself. Boats vary greatly, from powerboats to sailboats or humanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ powered vessels. Although there are many different forms of boating, their basic similarly is the requirement of a water body as their principal supporting resource. To provide access to a body of water, boat ramp facilities and marina facilities are commonly developed by outdoor recreation providers. Swimming Freshwater swimming is an outdoor recreation type embracing all of the various activities carried on in fresh water in which the participant is the sole means of locomotion. Specialized variations of swimming include diving, skin diving, and SCUBA diving. Resources and facilities commonly found at outdoor recreation areas that provide freshwater swimming include beach areas, docks and swimming and diving platforms. Benefits Framework Outdoor and adventure activities benefits have been analysed and portrayed by using a variety of models/framework in the past. As presented in the work of Stiehl and Parker (2007), these model and framework have been summarized in table 1-4. Table 1 Benefits of Outdoor Adventure (Darst Armstrong, 1980) Dimension Benefit Personal New experience adds a kick to participantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ lives, allows them to experience something High-risk experience facing perceived danger may help participants overcome fears, gain self-confidence, and enhance their ability to cope Escape offers release form the tensions and complexities of modern life Success allows participants to achieve a highly personal senses of accomplishment Knowledge participants learn more about themselves and the environment Physical fitness physical activity can help burn calories and increase strength, stamina, and flexibility Economic Minimal financial investment provides interesting and pleasant activities at a reasonable cost Social-psychological Socializing provides a chance to meet others who have similar interests Unity promotes cohesiveness and doing things together without the distractions of everyday life Cooperation and trust promotes better relationships through cooperation, appreciation of others, compassion and respect Nature and outdoors promotes aesthetics appreciation for nature and concern for vanishing wild places Table 2 Benefits of Outdoor Adventure (Ewert, 1989) Dimension Benefit Psychological Benefits on a personal (versus group) basis: Self concept (enhanced or strengthened view), self-efficacy (self-confidence), self-actualisation (well-being, improved self-expression, feelings of psychological health) Sociological Compassion, cooperation, respect for others, communication Educational Improved academic abilities, awareness of nature and the environment, problem solving, outdoor skills, values clarification Physical Strength, co-ordination, balance, cardiovascular endurance Table 3 Goals and Benefits of Outdoor Adventure (Webb, 1999) Dimension Benefit Recreational Enjoyment, relaxation, entertainment, excitement, catharsis, self-expression Skill Goal setting, decision making, problem solving, responsibility, physical development, nature awareness, communication, leadership Character Independence, interdependence, self-efficacy, willingness to take risks, tolerance, respect, trust, compassion Table 4 Benefits of Camping (American Camp Association, 2005) Dimension Benefit Positive identity To the participant: e.g. self-esteem, determination, dependability, ambition, independence Social skills Beyond the individual: group bonding, cooperation, conflict resolution, appreciation of differences, leadership, community, connected to others Physical and thinking skills Activity skills, technical skills; physiological benefits of physical activity Thinking skills: knowledge of safety measures, planning, problem solving, environmental awareness Positive values and spirituality Acquiring and strengthening virtue; selflessness, compassion, keeping commitments, fulfilling obligations, self-discipline, honesty à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Connection to earth, others and even a higher power Health benefits of outdoor recreation Generally, outdoor recreation is known to improve people`s health and this can be achieved by doing regular physical activities. Similarly outdoor recreation contribution to health is often considered in the context of Wellness. According to the World Health Organisation (2003), health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. This definition shifts from a strict medical model of health to a simple concept of well-being. Hence, the Alberta Centre for Well Being (1989) found that the concept of well-being or optimal health involves a delicate balance among physical, emotional, spiritual, intellectual and social health. In the same way, outdoor recreation covers all those aspects of health and also helps in not only enhancing the physical health but also the emotional well being of humans. During a research and promotional campaign, Carney (2001) confirmed the fact that physically inactive people have greater risk of having numerous health problems like coronary heart disease and some form of cancer rather than smoking, having a poor diet or drinking. Hence people can improve their health and those particularly in relation of coronary heart disease through regular exercise and activities like walking and cycling which are relatively inexpensive activities and which does not require any special skills to perform and it can also easily fit in people`s the daily routine. Hence in regards to that, The Health Education Board of Scotland has been promoting and encouraging walking through it`s campaign named walk about a bit. General health benefits of Outdoor Activity There is a wide range of outdoor activity; for example, Bird Watching may involve walking along with interpreting sounds and visual clues as well as meeting and socialising with other fellow Birdwatchers which contributes to wellness. Similarly, walking itself is known to be the most common outdoor activity and brisk walking for whether one hour per day or three hours a week helps to lower the risk of heart diseases by 30 to 40 percent in women (AARP 2008, citing the 20-Year Nurses Health Study). Therefore, walking have many health benefits specially for older adults which are: managing weight; controlling blood pressure; decreasing risk of heart attack; boosting good cholesterol; lowering risk of stroke; reducing risk of breast cancer and Type 2 diabetes; avoiding need for gallstone surgery; protecting against hip fracture; preventing depression, colon cancer, constipation, osteoporosis, and impotence; lengthening lifespan; lowering stress levels; relieving arthritis and back pain; strengthening muscles, bones, and joints; improving sleep; and elevating overall mood and sense of well-being. Thus, outdoor activities that include walking help to maintain a good health and wellness. In addition, many researchers (Driver and Knopf 1976; Driver and Cooksey 1977; Driver 1985; Godbey et al. 1992; Tinsley et al. 2003; Kaczynski and Henderson 2007) have found beneficial effects of outdoor recreation on two problems in particular which are stress and obesity. Stress and outdoor activity According to Godbey and Blazey (1983), strolling in parks is seen as beneficial to older visitors since it helps in stress reduction and More and Payne (1978), also added that it helps to decrease the level of anxiety, sadness and negative mood by spending time in parks. Hence, the longer people stay in parks, the less stressed they feel (Hull and Michael 1995). The American Institute of Stress (2008) found that 43 percent of adults in U.S suffer from acute or chronic stress. Moreover stress also lead to heart attack, blood pressure and is also linked with obesity (Bell et al. 1998; Brand et al. 2000). Hence, numerous studies have shown that when being in the natural surroundings, people tend to recover quickly and have fever illness (Frumkin 2001; Moore 1981; Ulrich 1984; Parsons et al.1998). therefore performing an activity within the natural environment have a rejuvenating effect over the peoples health while they are in contact with wilderness area (Hartig et al. 1991; Kaplan 1984), community parks (Canin 1991; Cimprich 1993), prairies (Miles et al. 1998). Obesity and outdoor activity Obesity is seen as an epidemic and it is closely linked and contributes to increased risk of disease such as hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, respiratory disease and many others. Although there are multiple causes of obesity and it is not completely understood by researchers, sedentary that is insufficient physical activity is known as one of the factors causing obesity. Between 1991 and 2001 obesity in United States have been steadily studied and it was found that obesity rates have increased to 75 percent among adults and that only 25 percent are engaged in doing recommended activities. Figure 1 below shows more detailed information about obesity rates in California. Figure 1: The Growth of Obesity in California: Percentage of Californias Population Percent (%) Year Source: CDC, 2002a Obesity also affects a large number of children (Milnes, 2008). Children, who are overweight at their younger age, tend to become overweight adults later and this contributes to low self esteem and alienation (Healthlink, Medical College of Wisconsin, January 14, 2009). Furthermore, studies carried out on preschool children showed that being outdoor plays a major role in performing physical activities like playing games with friends (Sallis et al. 2000). Likewise, outdoor temperatures whether hot or cold act as a stimulus and prompt the body to burn more calories than rather being in heated and air conditioned environment. Economic benefits of outdoor recreation According to the research of Mackay (n.d.), outdoor recreation is beneficial to the Scottish economy. Due to the fact that throughout years, to perform any particular activity, people have to move and travel to the specific site, need to spend money on equipment, food and accommodation and this help to bring income in rural areas of Scotland which gives way to new businesses and sustain the economies of these areas. Moreover, according to the survey carried out in 1998 in Scotland, it estimates that 137 million day visit were made to the coast and countryside and on average,  £6.50 were spent by each persons on each visit (National Centre for Social Research 1998). A more detailed survey carried out in 2000 showed that people spent more than  £900 million while participating in walking and other outdoor activities in the countryside and at the coast. Hence, the expenditures were on average people spend  £6.20 per party,  £1.55 was on fuel and  £3.07 was on food and drinks ( NOF System Three Scotland 2000). To explore the economic impact of a multi-use rail trail in Victoria, Australia Beeton (2006) surveyed 140 groups, during Easter 2006, total accounting for 625 people. The length of journey was from 0.5 days to 30 days. The average expenditure per person per day was at about $258, $147 on food and beverage; of which $27 was accommodation; $47 on transport; $10 on cycling and $27 on other. The average economic contribution per person was $482.94(after the application of multipliers). The social benefits of outdoor recreation Outdoor recreation is often regarded as having positive impacts on the society. The physical benefits of outdoor recreation on health have been well documented by researchers but not much emphasis is made on the social benefits linked with these activities. Some of the social benefits of recreation are known as reduced crime rate, promotes stewardship, encourage voluntarism and strengthen the communities. According to the Californian mayors, they believe that parks and recreation facilities helps to strengthen and bring communities together (DPR, 2002). Similarly, 77 percent of Los Angeles citizens were surveyed after the riots of 1993 and they listed that improved parks and recreation facilities are important or Absolutely critical to the restoration of their community (TPL, 1994). Participating in recreation activities helps to promote voluntarism. Hence, adults who frequently use parks and recreation facilities and who participate in recreation programs are generally the one who volunteered rather the one who does not use these services (Busser and Norwalk, 2001). Moreover, following a survey, 95 percent of Americans agreed that outdoor recreations help to generate appreciation for the nature and surrounding (ARC, 2000). Faulks et al (2007, p. 11) found that research conducted on the Central Otago Rail Trail in New Zealand showed that the range of social benefits to the community due to the rail trail, both as a resource and as a place of physical activity, included: Mental and physical well-being for participants; Education benefits regarding an understanding about working on a railroad; Bringing families together; Meeting like-minded people; Introducing new people into the community; and Generating a sense of pride and a heightened community identity. Outdoor Education There has been a wide range of outdoor programs that have been conducted within educational contexts in recent research which include the Duke of Edinburgh style programs (Bailey, 2004), that is Extended Stay Outdoor Education Programs (ESOEPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s) (Gray, 1997; McLeod Allen-Craig, 2007), cross-curriculum programs (Eglington Broderick, 2008; Haddock, 2007a), environmental education centres (Ballantyne Packer, 2007) as well as several traditional outdoor education programs (Hales, 2006; Haskell, 2000; Purdie, Neill, Richards, 2002). Moreover, from such diverse programs, the results reported were also wide-ranging. Hence, by participating in the Duke of Edinburgh program, it showed improved relationships among the participants and also problem solving skills and self confidence had been enhanced which have resulted in gain in academic achievement due to involvement in outdoor education programs (Haddock, 2007a, 2007b). in addition through these programs, students have been able to learn and apply eight dimension which are: Time management; Social competence; Achievement motivation; Intellectual flexibility; Task leadership; Emotional control; Active initiative; and Self-confidence. On average, outdoor education programs appear to have a small to moderate effect on participants perceptions of their own qualities and capabilitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(roughly equivalent to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ other types of self-concept change programs). These results are a positive endorsement of outdoor education as a legitimate and effective educational training method Outdoor education definitely has something to offer. (Neill and Richards, 1998, p7) Sport, recreation and tourism Understanding the motivations and expectations of participants is essential when trying to provide outdoor programs. Kiewa (2001) carried out a qualitative study using in-depth interviews and diary entries of rock-climbers. She analysed the responses of 14 females and 17 males over a 12-month period, attempting to develop an understanding of the role of gender and motivations and reasons in practicing these sports. The result showed that outdoor adventure programs are constructed with the view that both men and women will benefit from programmes designed to support skills associated with the opposite genderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ (Kiewa, 2001, p.11). Furthermore, in seeking to understand the needs, expectations motivations and of participants, another survey was carried out on a different adventure sport which was rafting trip near Melbourne. The research showed that there were significant differences in the motivations and needs of the participants. While the newer participant tend to focus more on the challenges of the activity, the frequent and experienced ones focus more on the ancillary benefits like spending time with friends and family, resting and relaxing in outdoor environment (Fluker Turner, 2000). In addition, in a less challenging context, two surveys were carried out on visitors to Mt Kosciuszko where more than 2,000 people may visit the summit during peak periods on any one-day. The earlier survey was conducted during Easter 2005 and had 494 participants while the other one was conducted over summer 2005/6 and had 2,492 responses (2007b; 2007c). In each case, visitors both expected and experienced wilderness, even though there are several structures to protect the environment. The main factor that motivates the participants to visit Mt Kosciuszko, was the scenic beauty and nature then followed by enjoying the outdoors and climbing. For more than 50% of respondents, encountering and experiencing wilderness was very important to them. Although, due to high level visitation subsequent track management work, visitors still had high satisfaction level just by participating and experiencing the nature of the area Factors motivating outdoor participation A growing number of research supports the proposition that individuals who live in activity friendly environments are more likely to be physically active during their leisure time (Sallis et al. 2000; Humpel et al. 2002; Killingsworth 2003; Owen et al. 2004). Active Living Research summarizes the important facts of such research which are: the proximity, supply, safety and design of recreational spaces. Other well known factor influencing participation is the availability of leisure time. The following subsections consider these variables. Leisure Time On average, Americans have 35 to 40 hours of free time per week (Robinson and Godbey 1999; BLS 2006). However, the majority of this time comes in small portions during weekdays, rather than in big blocks on weekends. Hence, watching TV takes up about half of all free time (Table 5) and adding to this, 27 hours per month goes on Internet use for both work and leisure (Nielsen and Hansen 2007). By contrast, sports, exercise and outdoor recreation account for only about 8.5 hours per month. Therefore, outdoor recreation, then, is comparatively rare. Moreover, if travelling is considered as an indoor activity, most Americans spend 95 percent of their time indoors (Robinson and Godbey 1999). Table 5: Americans Leisure Time, 2006 Leisure activity Average minutes per day Watching TV 156 (2.6 hours) Socializing, communicating 46 Other leisure activities 29 Reading 22 Relaxing, thinking 19 Playing games, using computer for leisure 19 Sports, exercise, recreation 17 Total 308 (5.1 hours) Note: Data include persons ages 15 and older. Data include all days of the week and are annual averages. Source: American Time Use Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006. Furthermore, while being on vacation, people spend more time outdoors, like walk more, and watching TV less (Robinson and Godbey 1999). Vacations then alleviate perceived job stress and burnout (Westman and Etzion 2001). In short, vacationing may be good for ones health (Gump and Matthews 2000). Proximity to Outdoor Spaces Proximity to outdoor recreation is a critical variable in explaining participation rates. Creating and improving the recreational facilities and spaces can spark a 25 percent increase in those who exercise at least three times per week (CDC 2002). Hence, the closer people live to a bikeway, the more likely they are to use it (Troped et al. 2001). Moreover, Kaczynski and Henderson (2007) summarize the facts founds concerning the role of park proximity in physical activity. In addition, eight of 13 articles indicated positive associations between physical activity and park proximity. For example, a survey conducted on U.S. adults showed that perceived access to parks and recreational facilities were related to increased physical activity (Brownson et al. 2001). Similarly, adults in New York City, Baltimore, and North Carolina, were 28 percent more likely to engaged in recreation activities if the parks and recreation facilities was within five miles of their home. Likewise, having faci lities within one mile encouraged higher levels of physical activity among African Americans and Hispanics (Diez-Roux et al. 2007). Safety of Parks Powell et al. (2003) reported that four studies which were carried out found no significant relation between safety aspect and walking in ones neighborhood, but the three other studies found such a relation. One of the latter indicated that recommended activity levels were met by 43 percent of peoples who had safe places to walk within 10 minutes of home and on the contrary only 27 percent of those without safe places (Powell et al. 2003). An onsite survey in a large metropolitan park revealed that among older adults, female park visitors had significantly more fear of crime than did males (Raymore and Scott 1998). Fear of crime was found to be an important factor, and former crime victims (9 percent of all those surveyed) were particularly fearful. Respondents reported that traveling to and from the park were more worrisome than being in the park itself. Supply of Outdoor Spaces The number parks and playgrounds in a community are related positively to physical activity levels. For instance, a study of some 500 adults from 56 neighborhoods in Oregon, Portland, found that both the area of green or open space and the number of recreation facilities were related to high levels of physical activity (Li et al. 2005). Although the number parks and green spaces in a community positively influence on physical activity, researchers cannot say that large parks are no more likely to be associated with higher levels of physical activity than smaller parks. For example, a study of four neighborhoods in Ontario found no such relationship between the size of parks and their use for physical activity (Kaczynski et al. 2008). The provision of facilities The benefits of engaging in physical activities, particularly outdoor activities, are dependent on the type of infrastructure provided to participant. According to Aldous (2006), he noted that in the context of leisure planning, providing adequate infrastructure and green spaces in urban areas was important in creating and broadening appreciation for the nature and environment. Similarly, Crilley (2007) studied the theme of infrastructure provision to understand the important attributes of trails. Hence, it resulted in the five top trail attributes were: easily accessible; the trail should be safe; well-maintained surface, have adequate signage along the trail and that the trail should be well maintained. Park and Playground Design and Features Parks with soccer fields, courts, basketball courts, volleyball courts, tennis and racquetball and playgrounds were associated from moderate to vigorous levels activity (Floyd et al. 2008). In another study, some researchers have examined 28 features of ball fields, bike paths, and so forth in 33 parks they found that parks with several features were more likely to be used for physical activity rather than parks with fewer features. Moreover, according to Kaczynski et al. (2008) parks with paved trails, for instance, were 26 times more likely to be used for physical activity than parks without paved trails. A study of four park types (neighborhood park, waterfront park, city park, extreme park) showed that levels of moderate or vigorous activity were highest in the areas having courts, sports fields, playgrounds, and paths, whereas sedentary activity was observed in open green spaces (Shores and West 2008).

Strategies to Test for Rheumatic Heart Disease

Strategies to Test for Rheumatic Heart Disease Rheumatic heart disease remains a major public health problem in many parts of the world. While the incidence and prevalence of ARF and RHD have been decreasing in developed countries since the early twentieth century, they continue to be major causes of morbidity and mortality among young people in developing nations. It is estimated that there are more than 15 million cases of RHD worldwide, with 282,000 new cases and 233,000 deaths annually[1]. Globally, India contributes nearly 25%-50% of newly diagnosed cases, deaths, hospitalizations and burden of RHD.The earliest reporting of RHD was done in 1910. Even during the 1980s, hospital admission data suggested that RF and RHD accounted for nearly one-half to one-third of the total cardiac admissions at various teaching hospitals all over India. A more recent survey across various tertiary care hospitals found that hospital admission rates of RHD had declined (5%-26% of cardiac admissions). Population-based epidemiological data to ascertain the prevalence of RHD and their impact on community in India are lacking. A properly planned population study in 1993 reported a prevalence of 0.09% for RHD. Most of the epidemiological studies are school-based surveys. The reported prevalence of RHD varied from 1.8 to 11/ 1000 schoolchildren (average 6/1000) during the 1970s and 1980s, and 1-3.9/1000 during the 1990s.Studies using echocardiographic validation of clinical diagnoses show a much lower prevalence of RHD. The surveys conducted by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) also indicate a decline in the prevalence of RHD over decades. The epidemiology of rheumatic heart disease in India is of special interest as it may help to understand the effects of economic transition on this particular enigmatic disease. Critical appraisal of the published literature suggests the possibility of a real decline in the occurrence of the disease in some parts of the country, but a continuing onslaught in several other regions. The rate of decline seems to correlate more with improved public health facilities than with economic growth alone. However, the cumulative burden of the disease remains high, and sustained efforts for the prevention of rheumatic heart disease needs special attention [2]. Rheumatic fever is the most common cause of mitral stenosis. Other less common etiologies of obstruction to left atrial outflow include congenital mitral valve stenosis, , mitral annular calcification with extension onto the leaflets, cor triatriatum, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, left atrial myxoma, and infective endocarditis with large vegetations. Pure or predominant MS occurs in approximately 40% of all patients with rheumatic heart disease and a past history of rheumatic fever. In other patients with rheumatic heart disease, lesser degrees of MS may accompany mitral regurgitation (MR) and aortic valve disease. In temperate climates and developed countries, the incidence of MS has declined considerably over the past few decades due to reductions in the incidence of acute rheumatic fever. However, it remains a major problem in developing nations, especially in tropical and semitropical climates[3]. In normal cardiac physiology, the mitral valve opens during left ventricular diastole, to allow blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. This flow direction will be maintained as long as the pressure in the left ventricle is lower than the pressure in the left atrium and the blood flows down the pressure gradient. Mitral stenosis (MS) is a mechanical obstruction during blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Obstruction happens due to thickening and immobility of the leaflets, thickening and fusion of the chorda tendinae or mitral annular and commissural calcification[4]. In rheumatic MS, the valve leaflets are diffusely thickened by fibrous tissue and/or calcific deposits. The mitral commissures fuse, the chordae tendineae fuse and shorten, the valvular cusps become rigid, and these changes, in turn, lead to narrowing at the apex of the funnel-shaped (fish-mouth) valve. Although the initial insult to the mitral valve is rheumatic, the later changes may be a nonspecific process resulting from trauma to the valve caused by altered flow patterns due to the initial deformity. Calcification of the stenotic mitral valve immobilizes the leaflets and narrows the orifice further. Thrombus formation and arterial embolization may arise from the calcific valve itself, but in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), thrombi arise more frequently from the dilated left atrium (LA), particularly from within the left atrial appendage. In normal adults, the area of the mitral valve orifice is 4-6 cm2. In the presence of significant obstruction, i.e., when the orifice area is reduced to To asscess the severity of obstruction hemodynamically, both the transvalvular pressure gradient and the flow rate must be measured. The latter depends not only on the CO but also on the heart rate. Increase in heart rate causes shortening of diastole proportionately more than systole and diminishes the time available for flow across the mitral valve. Therefore, at any given level of CO, tachycardia, including that associated with rapid AF, augments the transvalvular pressure gradient and elevates further the LA pressure. The LV diastolic pressure and ejection fraction (EF) are normal in isolated MS. In MS and sinus rhythm, the elevated LA and PA wedge pressures exhibit a prominent atrial contraction pattern (a wave) and a gradual pressure decline after the v wave and mitral valve opening (y descent). In severe MS and whenever pulmonary vascular resistance is significantly increased, the pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) is elevated at rest and rises further during exercise, often causing secondary elevations of right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic pressure and volume. In temperate climates, the latent period between the initial attack of rheumatic carditis and the development of symptoms due to MS is generally about two decades; most patients begin to experience disability in the fourth decade of life. Studies carried out before the development of mitral valvotomy revealed that once a patient with MS became seriously symptomatic, the disease progressed continuously to death within 2-5 years. In patients whose mitral orifices are large enough to accommodate a normal blood flow with only mild elevations of LA pressure, marked elevations of this pressure leading to dyspnea and cough may be precipitated by sudden changes in the heart rate, volume status, or CO, as, for example, with excitement, severe exertion, fever, severe anemia, paroxysmal AF and other tachycardias, sexual intercourse, pregnancy, and thyrotoxicosis. As MS progresses, lesser degrees of stress precipitate dyspnea, the patient becomes limited in daily activities, and orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea develop. The development of permanent AF often marks a turning point in the patients course and is generally associated with acceleration of the rate at which symptoms progress. Hemoptysis results from rupture of pulmonary-bronchial venous connections secondary to pulmonary venous hypertension. It occurs most frequently in patients who have elevated LA pressures without markedly elevated pulmonary vascular resistances and is rarely fatal. Recurrent pulmonary emboli, sometimes with infarction, are an important cause of morbidity and mortality rates late in the course of MS. Pulmonary infections, i.e., bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, and lobar pneumonia, commonly complicate untreated MS, especially during the winter months[3]. Mitral valve assessment with echocardiography should include the pattern of valve involvement and calcification, severity of stenosis, associated mitral regurgitation and other co-existent valve lesions and atrial chamber dilatation and function. Mitral stenosis can be assessed in parasternal, apical or subcostal views. As with any stenotic valve the main diagnostic feature in the parasternal long axis view. As in rheumatic MS, the anterior mitral leaflet (AMVL) shows diastolic doming or hockey-stick shape and the posterior mitral leaflet (PMVL) has restricted motion or is totally immobile. This doming is due to the reduced mobility of the valve tips compared to the base of the leaflets. Echocardiography can also adequately assess the Subvalvular apparatus changes such as thickening, shortening, fusion of chordal calcification. Color Doppler in this view with diastolic turbulence across the mitral valve confirms the diagnosis. On the other hand, Parasternal short axis view of the mit ral valve is used for assessing the leaflets thickening, fusion and calcification of commissures. The parasternal short axis view is also used to assess the mitral valve orifice area by planimetry of the mitral leaflets at the level of tips. The Following are different means of measurements by echocardiography to ascess the severity of MS. Planimetry of mitral valve at the level of the leaflets tips is done in parasternal short axis view. This method is a very familiar technique by 2D echocardiography but the same method can also be used in 3D echocardiography en-face view of mitral valve. However, newly developed QLAB software in 3D echo is now available for calculation of mitral valve orifice area which requires further validation. Calculation of mitral valve area (MVA) by pressure half-time (P1/2t) should be done in an apical four chamber view using continuous wave. Doppler Pressure half-time method is not valid immediately after percutaneous balloon mitral the Doppler curve. The gradient can be measured by tracing the dense outline of mitral diastolic inflow and the mean pressure gradient is automatically calculated. The severity can be assessed as mild (10) [4]. Both qualitative and quantitative evaluation of valvular heart disease can be improved by 3D echocardiography. Anyplane and paraplane analysis of a stenotic valve allows an accurate planimetry of the smallest orifice area. Zamorano et al demonstrated that 3DTTE is a feasible, accurate and highly reproducible technique for assessing the mitral valve area in patients with rheumatic MV stenosis. In a consecutive series of 80 patients, MV area was assessed by conventional echo Doppler methods and by 3DTTE, and results were compared with those obtained invasively.Compared with all other echo-Doppler methods, 3DTTE had the best agreement with the invasively determined MV area, and intra- and inter-observer variability of the method was very good. Zamorano et al also studied 29 patients undergoing percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty. 3DTTE had the best agreement with the invasively determined MV area, particularly in the immediate post procedural period; therefore, the method could be proposed as an ideal one throughout this procedure and could make invasive evaluation unnecessary in this setting. As part of these very important quantitative data, 3DTTE can be integrated with 2D evaluation in the qualitative morphology assessment of the MV. Commissures, leaflets, annulus calcifications and subvalvular structures can be visualized from different and unique planes facilitating the understanding of this complex apparatus. Vegetations, commissural diseases, subvalvular pathologies (tip of the leaflets/chordae/papillary muscles), clefts can be accurately diagnosed. So assessment of the severity of mitral valve stenosis requires accurate measurements of the Mitral valve orifice area (MVA). Direct measurement of the MVA can be performed by planimetry using two-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo). Mitral valve area determined by planimetry reflects the anatomic orifice area and is largely independent of hemodynamic variables, left ventricular compliance and concomitant valvular disease. However, planimetry by 2-D echo requires significant experience and operator skill to define the correct image plane that displays the true mitral valve orifice. In addition, planimetry requires a parasternal short axis view of the mitral valve and is therefore limited to patients with favorable image quality from a parasternal window. To bypass the difficulty of a parasternal short axis view, Doppler traces of the diastolic transmitral flow is obtained from a four-chamber apical view and the mitral valve area is estimated using the pressure half-time (PHT). Ho wever PHT is influenced by hemodynamic variables, left ventricular compliance and concomitant valvular disease. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (3-D echo) is a novel imaging technique that is expected to enhance the ability to perform planimetry of the mitral valve. 3D echo utilizes a matrix array echo probe to scan a pyramidal volume in real time. A precise cross-section of mitral valve orifice at the tips of the leaflets with correct plane orientation may provide more accurate assessment of MS severity than two-dimensional echocardiography. Thus it can eliminate one of the principle limitations of 2DE in determining MVA by planimetry. There is less inter- and intra-observer variation also during MVA calculation. Therefore, real-time 3D echo can be used as a practical and accurate method for planimetry of mitral valve areas. This study will be performed to evaluate the feasibility, reproducibility and accuracy of 3-D echo for the assessment of MVA over conventional 2D planimetry Doppler PHT methods.

Lego Dacta :: essays research papers

The â€Å"Input-Output† principle means basically that all input devices get the information in and the output devices show the result. Inputs Temp1 (Temperature Sensor) = It measures the temperature. Touch2 (T or F Sensor – something pressed) = It works when you touch it. Light5 (Changes in Light) = It lights up. Angle6 (Angle changes) = It measures the angle of the devices. Outputs MotorA (Motor runs) = It’s a moving device i.e. a motor. LampB (Light go on) = It’s a light up device i.e. a lamp. These are the different control terms used in Lego Dacta: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Talkto = It talks to output devices. For example - talkto â€Å"motora †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On/off = It switches on output devices. For example - talkto â€Å"motora, on, wait 100, off. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alloff = It switches off all output devices. For example - talkto â€Å"motora, on, setpower 3, wait 30, setpower 5, wait 30, setpower 7, waituntil [touch2], off, wait 30, on, rd, setpower 3, wait 30, setpower 5, wait 30, setpower 7, wait 30, alloff. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wait = It holds devices running for a certain amount of time. For example – talkto â€Å"motora, on, wait 100, off. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Waituntil = It makes devices wait until the procedure in the brackets becomes true. For example – talkto â€Å"motora, on, setpower 3, wait 30, setpower 5, wait 30, setpower 7, wait 30, waituntil [touch2], off, end. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  RD = It reverses motora. For example – talkto â€Å"motora, on, setpower 3, wait 30, setpower 5, wait 30, setpower 7, waituntil [touch2], off, wait 30, on, rd, setpower 3, wait 30, setpower 5, wait 30, setpower 7, wait 30, alloff. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Setpower = It changes the speed of motora. For example – talkto â€Å"motora, on, setpower 3, wait 30, setpower 5, wait 30, setpower 7, wait 30, off. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To/end = It starts/finishes a procedure. For example – to forward1, talkto â€Å"motora, on, wait 100, off, end. Lego kits can be used in different businesses and organisations like offices, car parks, arcades and banks.

Aviation Weather Delays :: essays research papers

Weather Delays. We seem to have heard so much more about them in recent years. Is the weather getting worse? Are the newer planes less able to stand the rough weather than the planes of the past? Maybe travelers just complain more What is the reason for the 70% increase in flight delays and 23% increase in cancellations blamed on the weather since 1978? Are the airlines just using weather as a catch all to cover other problems and keep themselves covered under the statemeant †you cant control the weather†. I will attempt to answer these questions along with a few others in this report but, the question that cannot be escaped from beginning to the end seems to be Is the weathe rreally that bad?† Let’s start with why have the flight delays increased so much since 1978.It all seemed like a good idea at the time, and for many, it still is one of a short list of good ideas to come from the Federal Government Airline Deregulation . This allowed for more competion between airlines in more ways than ever before not only could they compete for customers on strictly a customer service stand point but also for the price of fares and the amount flights offered to the more popular destinations. Up until this â€Å"DEREGULATION†, the Federal Government through the Department of Transportation strictltly controlled the amount of flights an airline could schedule and the amount they could charge for these flights. Weather or any other problem could only have a limited effect on the â€Å"flight schedule† as only about one third as many flights were scheduled then as are scheduled today? Then what is considered by many to be one of a long list of oversights by The Federal Government nothing was done to the air traffic control system to account for the inevitable increase in passengers and flights scheduled. Much of the U.S.Air Traffic Control System was then and is now operating on World War II era technology with most of the updates coming only as needed to accommodate either the Cold War or NASA. Some twenty-two years latter the inevitable is now upon us .Consider this in the year of deregulation(1978) there were 250 million passengers carried by the US airlines in 1999 this number topped 650 million. All other factors being equal this would result in more passengers being delayed or canceled just by the growth of travel. Why does the older equipment cause so many problems ?The main reason is system overload with no more flexibility available in the system.

Lesson 8 Key Question Essay

To begin Viewing and critiquing King Lear Act III scene ii, Directed by Richard Ouzounian, written by William Shakespeare, I noticed that overall the production is good, but there are some weaknesses that could be better if a little afford applied and similarly, there are strength that gives the production good features. I watch the scene and I found out that the strengths and weakness of the production are equally analyzable. First I would like to critique the weaknesses in the production: in my point of view, the scene decoration, characters costumes and the severity of storm could be better if a little more afford applied—by blowing up some stuff like leaves, sticks or show the wind whaling wildly and dancing like tornedo and also dressing Lear in most King’s interesting costumes. Also the character that plays the role of King Lear could be older than the current character because he is not old enough to stir up audience emotional. In addition, if the character of fool bertried in thinner guy than current one, it would be more suitable because usually when you imaging a fool, you can see a very quick little guy. Soundly, in the production there are strengths as well –such as intonation, pausing, emphasis, volume, facial expression, and body language. The character of King Lear by applying above techniques used to convey and show relationships between himself, fool, Kent, God; and his stage of madness. For example, when he says, â€Å" Blow winds, and crack your cheeks† (III ii 5) he is look up ward to the sky and it conveys that he is talking to his Lord. Or in other point, he gives hugs and kisses fool â€Å"Come on, my boy. How dost, my boy? Art cold? Which show his new understanding of poor world and his relationship with them. His Voice volume emphasises that he is struggling to keep his sanity. He takes pausing by holding his knees, which shows how the real storm groaning insight him mind and he exposes himself to the weather which show that because of his insight pain he does not feel the outer pain. His restless movement is convincing the audience of his downfall realization. Therefore, by taking inconsideration the above elements, I think this production is consisting of both—weakness and strength, which overall made convention. Support question 11 characters| Scene iv| Edgar (poor Tom)| â€Å"I used to be an honorable devoted servant who curled his hair, wore his mistress’s glove in his hat as a token of her affection, and slept with his mistress whenever she wanted. I swore oaths with every other word out of my mouth, and broke the oaths shamelessly. I used to dream of having sex and wake up to do it. I loved wine and gambling, and had more women than a Turkish sultan keeps in his harem. I was disloyal and violent†¦..† Summary: Edgars’ speeches show the nature of life in the current fallen state if Lear universe. | King Lear| â€Å"O Regan, Goneril, Your old kind father, whose frank heart gave all—Oh, that way madness lies. / Let me shun that.†Summary: even dough Lear’s unexpected and sudden downfall brought him to the statue of insanity; he tries and straggles to stay saint. â€Å"What, has his daughters brought him to this pass?—Couldst thou save nothing? Wouldst thou give ’em all?â⠂¬ (60) Summary: Lear correctly realized his mistake that cause his downfall and he says this to Edgar in very unconscious situation, which shows that he still sees the world in a distorted lens.â€Å"is man no more than this?†¦.Thou ow’st the worm no silk, the beast no/ hide, the sheep no wool, the cat no perfume† (105-107)Summary: Lear is curiously asks the basic question about man’s true nature: as who are we really? He has a new vision of humanity.| fool| This cold night will turn us all to fools and madmen.(78-79)Summary: fool’s speech suggests that—life may never redeem; Lear may have to endure a fallen state permanently.â€Å"prithee, Nuncle, be contented, ‘tis a naughty/ night to swim in† (112-113)Summary: the fool advice Lear to stay warm, otherwise he may literally get cold and die in a story night. | characters| Scene vi| Edgar (poor Tom)| â€Å"When we our betters see bearing our woes,/We scarcely think our miseries our foes./†¦. How light and portable my pain seems now/.. Which makes me bend makes the king bow. / When false opinion, whose wrong thought defiles thee, / In thy just proof repeals and reconciles thee†¦..† (110-115)Summary: By watching the king’s downfall, Edgar got the courage and power to fight for his right and against those who victimize him.â€Å"Tom will throw his head at them.—Avaunt, you curs! /Tooth that poisons if it bite,/Mastiff, greyhound, mongrel grim,/Tom will chase them off.—Go away, you mongrels!/Whether you bite to kill,/Mastiff, greyhound, or ugly mutt,† (65) Summary: Edgar will survive by taking his and Lear’s revenge from their enemies and it doesn’t matter for Edgar that how much their enemies are powerful, and dangerous.| King Lear| â€Å"I’ll see their trial first. Bring in the evidence./(to EDGAR) Thou robà ¨d man of justice, take thy place./(to FOOL) And thou, his yoke-fellow of equity,Bench by his side./(to KENT) â€Æ'You are o’ th’ commission./Sit you too†.(35-40)Summary: showing that a wise king should follow the trial, conference with his wise advisers—read carefully and then issue it. So that be able to judge fairly and stay stable and avoid downfall. Tray, Blanch, and Sweetheart—see, they bark at me.Look at the three little dogs, Tray, Blanch, and Sweetheart—all barking at me.60-65| fool| â€Å"No, he’s a yeoman that has a gentleman to his son, for he’s a mad yeoman that sees his son a gentleman before him.† (10-15)Summary: fool is continuing to remind King Lear of his folly while sending the message to the audience—the Elizabethan was smart that she did not give her power to any gentleman before she is achieved her distinction.